Search for tag: "orthopaedics"

Interviewer: Maybe you have a bit of a bump on your foot, maybe it's painful, maybe it's just a little irritating, can't quite fit into the shoes that you used to wear. Is it a bunion, and what exactly is a bunion?

We're here with Dr. Devon Nixon, an orthopedic surgeon at the University of Utah Health, and he has an emphasis in lower extremity, foot, and ankle medicine.

Now, Dr. Nixon, what exactly is a bunion?

Dr. Nixon: Possibly one of the most common things that I see in practice. A bunion is more than just a bump that's forming on the outside of your big toe. What's actually happening is it's a complex change three-dimensionally in the alignment of the toe.

And sometimes it happens at a young age, so we see patients in their teenage to young adult years. And then sometimes it's acquired over time. So people in their fourth, fifth, and sixth decades of life begin to notice it gradually increasing. But it's not just a bump that's forming.

Interviewer: So what is it that causes a bunion?

Dr. Nixon: That's a great question and one that we don't have easy answers for. Probably the biggest component is genetic. We don't quite understand the genetics behind bunions, but they occur very commonly in families.

Historically, we used to put a lot of emphasis on people wearing tight shoes over the course of their lifetime. And that may or may not play a role. But my personal take is that it's not as big of a role as maybe we once put on it, that these are developing from factors that are somewhat patient-specific but largely outside of patients' control.

Interviewer: Since we understand that bunions have a genetic component to them, is there a particular population that is impacted more so you see it more commonly with?

Dr. Nixon: Certainly, bunions are more common in women than in men. They do occur in men, but certainly the heavy proportion is in favor of women.

And not all patients will have a strong family history, meaning that their mother or their grandmother, or other family members have had bunions, but certainly you hear that commonly.

But this is what we would describe in medicine is multifactorial. So there are many layers to this. Some of it is genetic, some of it is possibly shoe wear, but again, my take is that that's probably not as big of an emphasis as maybe it once was.

Interviewer: And for people that have, say, a bump on their foot, how do they know that it's a bunion and not, say, anything else that could be going on?

Dr. Nixon: I mean, certainly the easiest way to help make that distinction or determination is to come in and see someone with an orthopedic surgical focus on foot and ankle issues to help you better understand exactly what's happening.

Certainly, growths can form in your feet. But a bunion is really feeling like there's this strong bony contribution or strong bone prominence that's forming on the inside of the big toe, out by the joint. And at the same time, the big toe may be starting to drift towards the second and third toes.

So if those kinds of things are happening in concert, that's typically how a bunion looks and feels. There's a bump that's forming on the inside, but again, that's because the three-dimensional alignment of the toe is changing and not just growth that's happening at the bone level.

Interviewer: So what are some of the potential impacts that it can make on the foot on your day-to-day life if it's not treated?

Dr. Nixon: Certainly, bunions are a funny thing because they don't always bother all patients that have them. And so just because it may be a smaller "bunion" does not necessarily mean that it may not be symptomatic. So you don't necessarily have to wait until it's crossing over or underneath your second and third toes before you need to seek treatment.

The challenge is that we don't have a lot of in between options for treatment. So plenty of people try modifying their shoes to widen them so that they're more comfortable. They add some of these over-the-counter gel inserts that slide between the big toe and the second toe. And that certainly can make shoe wear and walking much more comfortable for people.

Unfortunately, doing those things does not change what we would describe as the natural history of a bunion, which is that it may slowly progress over time. And that's true for all forms of bunions.

Now, it doesn't mean that if it's progressing that it's going to be bothersome to you, but after those things no longer work, like modifying your shoes, adding in a toe spacer, if you continue to have pain and you're feeling like the bunion is limiting your quality of life, then that may be a reasonable time to start talking about what are the surgical options.

Now, bunions are extremely common. I see them many times in each clinic. Not all of them need surgery. But if you feel like you are at a position where modifying your shoes and adding some of these toe spacers is not the answer for you, then there are very reasonable things to think about from a surgical perspective, and many patients do really well from them.

Interviewer: Now, if your child is complaining of leg pains, could it be growing pains, or is it something more serious?

Dr. Julia Rawlings is a nonoperative sports medicine physician here at University of Utah Health. And let's start with the type of leg pain I think just about every kid, at some point, experiences. One point or another, it seems pretty benign. What exactly is growing pain? What are growing pains, I guess?

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah. So growing pains, the name came kind of early in the 1930s and 1940s when people thought that growth was related to these pains that children get, usually later in the afternoon, evening, or maybe even wakes them up at night. But we know now that it's not related to growth, but it's more likely just related to children being very active during the day. So it's just these pains that come on later in the day or at night, mostly from kind of overuse of muscles.

Interviewer: But it's not like the bones are stretching or anything like that. It's just . . .

Dr. Rawlings: No, it doesn't have anything to do with growing. It does happen in children, but it doesn't affect their growth. It's not directly related to growing.

Interviewer: My understanding is it's pretty normal for kids to be having this and just as part of, like, I guess being active and running around.

Dr. Rawlings: It's very common. And the places where it's most common, usually it happens in the calf, the thigh, or the back of the knee. So those are some of the spots that we look at.

Interviewer: Okay. And it's like an aching or just like . . . I guess, how do we know that it's like that kind of pain?

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah, it's like an aching or a throbbing pain. Sometimes children will grab the back of their legs or grab their thighs or just be more cranky. It's usually at the end of the day. It can wake them up at night though.

Interviewer: And so your child's complaining of pain. I guess, as a parent, if you're worried, you know, what should you be on the lookout for to find out if it's something more than just typical growing pains?

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah. So growing pains usually happen intermittently. So it can happen every night, but that's a little less common. So growing pains typically are intermittent. They're usually in both legs, not necessarily at the same time. And the child usually wakes up in the morning completely fine and running around like there's nothing wrong. Those are all very typical for growing pains.

Interviewer: So say a kid is, you know, maybe continually complaining about leg pain or maybe they're getting it through the day. As a parent, what are some of the signs and symptoms that you should be on the lookout for to kind of let you know this isn't growing pains, it's something more serious?

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah, great question. So if your child is complaining of pain, particularly during the day, if they are complaining of pain in the same leg, if the pain stops them from participating in sports activities or from running with their friends, if they are limping with the pain during the day, or if you see anything else that seems abnormal, so swelling of the leg, redness of the leg, if they're getting fevers with it, all of that is something besides growing pains, and you should be seen for that.

Interviewer: And not to, say, worry parents, you know, prematurely, but what could be going on with their child?

Dr. Rawlings: So it could be something as simple as an overuse injury. Lots of times, in children that play sports, we see overuse injury at the growth plates actually. That's probably one of the more common things. If they're very active, say a teenager running, they could get a stress injury. They could just have tight muscles, and stretching could be helpful. All the way up to the more serious things that are very rare and uncommon, like childhood arthritis or bone cancer.

Interviewer: If your child is, say, showing some of these symptoms, what kind of doctor should you be going to, to, you know, treat the leg? Is it a primary care pediatrician? Is it a sports medicine specialist?

Dr. Rawlings: I think, initially, if your pain is kind of vague and you're not sure what's going on, starting with the pediatrician is a great place. If it's something more serious, like they're not limping, they can't get into the pediatrician, it is reasonable to go to an urgent care or the emergency department, particularly if they won't walk at all. We need to see what's happening. There are . . . sometimes toddlers will have a small fall and twist their leg, and they won't walk, and they'll have a little fracture that you won't even pick up on. And so that's one of the more common reasons we'll see toddlers stop walking, and that's something that can be taken care of either by a pediatrician, a nonoperative sports medicine provider, or in an urgent care emergency medicine setting.

Interviewer: And is there anything, maybe a home remedy, something they could try at home before they, say, take them into a doctor to maybe alleviate any of the pain that they're experiencing?

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah. So if they're experiencing more of these growing pains, kind of intermittent pains in the evening or at night, you can do things like massage the legs, massage the muscles. Warm packs, heating pads are helpful. If it's severe, you can try some acetaminophen, Tylenol, or ibuprofen. And sometimes if it's pretty frequent, you can have them do some stretching during the day and see if that helps as well.

Interviewer: How to handle a knee injury. Dr. Julia Rawlings practices primary care sports medicine and also pediatric emergency medicine, and she is one of the physicians that you would find at the walk-in orthopedic clinic at University of Utah Health. I wanted to talk about knee injuries and young athletes actually. What are some common ways that young athletes can injure their knees? What specific sports or activities do you see?

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah. So it's really common to have a knee injury when you're playing sports, particularly contact sports. But severe injuries, including the ACL, don't always have to be from contact. So we typically see knee injuries that are acute, meaning they happen from a trauma, when you're doing an activity where there's either contact or you change directions quickly, so you're pivoting, you're shifting, you're changing your weight, and the knee can kind of buckle on you and get injured. In people that do more endurance-type sports, like cross country runners, we tend to see more chronic knee pain just from overuse.

Interviewer: Got you. So you kind of covered some of the common injuries to the knee. What could be handled at home without a clinic visit? And then we'll get to when you should perhaps consider coming in.

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah. So starting with an acute injury, meaning that's something you were out doing your sport, you were doing something, and all of a sudden you felt the knee pop, or you twisted it, or something happened. A couple of clues that I would give to go ahead and come in to be seen is, one, if you're having a hard time walking on your leg, then we would really like you to be seen sooner rather than later. We'd like to get X-rays and make sure there's nothing that's broken and then do a good examine and check out the ligaments and the meniscus of the knee.

Another clue is if your knee gets pretty swollen, then that means that there's something significant going on in your knee that should be seen sooner rather than later. Two more other clues, things that I like to ask people about and look for. If your knee feels like it's buckling under you, it's giving out when you walk, then there's the potential that every time it buckles, that we're doing more damage. And in that case, we'd like to get you on crutches and get you into a knee brace. Or if the knee is getting stuck or locked, meaning you can't bend it or you can't straighten it very well without kind of forcing it, those are all things that we'd want to see you sooner rather than later for.

Interviewer: And then when somebody comes into the clinic with some of those more serious symptoms, as you said, what does the clinic do?

Dr. Rawlings: Yeah. So if you have, say, a big swollen knee and we're worried about bigger injuries to the ACL or to the meniscus, something like that, what we would generally do is start off with X-rays, make sure there's nothing that's broken, and then we would do our exam, get a feel for what we think is going on, and then generally get you set up in a knee brace that's appropriate for the injury you have, plus or minus crutches. And then often, patients with significant injuries we'll get set up for an MRI to check out the soft tissue structures, which we can't see on X-ray, and get a definitive diagnosis. And then depending on what we see on our exam, we'll either get you set up with one of the non-operative sports medicine providers for follow-up or our sports medicine surgeons. My practice myself is I typically just let people know what their MRI shows, and then depending on what they need done, I'll then schedule the appointment with the appropriate follow-up person.

Interviewer: And when people come in, how often would you say that they could just come into the clinic and that's kind of it? It's just going to take a little bit of rest, and they're going to recover from their injury.

Dr. Rawlings: You know, it depends a little bit, I think, on the age demographic. So we do see a fair amount of people that come in with an acute knee injury that have just flared arthritis, and they don't actually have an injury to the ligament or something that we would need to do an MRI or surgery for. And those patients we really treat with physical therapy, maybe a steroid injection, and kind of getting them back to functioning, hopefully, so that we can prolong the longevity of their knee. In those cases, then, yeah, all they need really is just that visit in the orthopedic injury clinic and then a follow-up appointment down the road with a primary care sports medicine person or a sports medicine surgeon.

Interviewer: Are there any final thoughts you would want a listener to know about the clinic, or knee injuries, and how to handle that or take care of it?

Dr. Rawlings: I think definitely when in doubt, especially when it's an injury that's happened within the last day or two, come on in. We'll be happy to take a look at it. And if you're getting a chronic injury from training for a marathon, or in kids, they can often get growth plate injuries, again, if they've happened in the last three months, we're happy to see you in injury clinic for more of a chronic developing problem as well.

Interviewer: When should you have your knee pain checked out? Dr. Matheau Eysser is an orthopedic surgeon. What advice do you have for patients?

Dr. Eysser: Well, I tell my patients to look for two things: number one, pain. Acute pain or pain that interrupts your sleep could indicate a torn tendon, meniscal tear, or arthritis. Second, symptoms. If your knee locks up on you or you are unable to fully straighten your knee, it could indicate a torn meniscus. Feelings of instability, a painful clicking or popping, or sharp stabbing pain are also some of the complaints or symptoms of a meniscal tear.

However, if your symptoms are a dull ache, pain when standing from a sitting position, or pain that improves after walking a couple of steps, this could indicate arthritis. If you are experiencing these types of symptoms, it is a good idea to have your knee checked out by your doctor.

updated: July 6, 2021
originally published: May 29, 2019

Interviewer: If you have carpal tunnel syndrome, it might seem like surgery is the only means of relief from your symptoms. But what about simple splinting? Could that be an effective, non-invasive alternative? Dr. Douglas Hutchinson is a hand surgeon. Does splinting work for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Dr. Hutchinson: You know, it's very effective actually, and splints alone are the mainstay of our treatment. And if a person can sleep at night and not wake up with numb fingers, they're going to feel a lot better, they're going to do better during the day, their hands are not going to hurt them, and/or go to sleep on them as much during the day as well, and they're going to get several years out of that type of treatment before they may get to the point where despite splinting they're still getting numbness, and that's when they probably should talk about surgery.

updated: November 23, 2020
originally published: March 28, 2018

Interviewer: Starting to get some wrist pain. Maybe it's carpal tunnel. Well, maybe not. Dr. Douglass Hutchinson, what is carpal tunnel syndrome, and what are the symptoms?

Dr. Hutchinson: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common diagnosis, and, frankly it's commonly misdiagnosed. Carpal tunnel syndrome, primarily, is numbness in your fingers. Carpal tunnel syndrome is not primarily wrist pain, so if you have wrist pain, it's a different story. Carpal tunnel syndrome is numbness in most your fingers. Sometimes they feel as though it's all their fingers. Usually, it's the thumb, index, and third finger primarily. It usually comes at night because of the way we sleep, and that is part of the treatment right there is to change the way we sleep with our wrists bent.

Interviewer: So if you have numbness in your hand like that, visit your primary care provider for treatment options.

updated: January 8, 2021
originally published: March 6, 2019

Announcer: Need reliable health and wellness information? Don't listen to the guy in the cube next to you. Get it from a trusted source, straight from the doctor's mouth. Here's this week's Listener Question on The Scope.

Interviewer: Today's listener question, "I have a popping knee, is that something I should worry about?" Cindy here says that her knee periodically throughout the day will pop. It doesn't hurt when it pops, but it does make a pretty loud noise when she's straightening her leg. She wanted to know if that's something that she should worry about. And to answer that question, we have Dr. Patrick Greis who is an orthopedic surgeon. He's at University of Utah Health Care in the Department of Orthopedics.

Dr. Greis: In general, small pops, catches are really not indicative of a big problem. And so, I tell folks if it's not very painful and it's kind of an uncommon click or pop that that's not really something that they need to be seeking medical care for.

Interviewer: Yes, but some periodic throughout the day that makes quite a bit of noise or that the person could feel, what could be going on there?

Dr. Greis: On occasion, some folks will have tears in the meniscus cartilage that can catch. Some mechanical symptoms such as popping or catching can be indicative of a meniscus tear. I think that's usually associated with some pain often along the joint lines.

Interviewer: So if the popping happens periodically throughout the day with no pain, it's really nothing to worry about? That seems counter-intuitive.

Dr. Greis: It's usually a process that's not dangerous. Again, it's hard for me as a surgeon to make you better if you have no pain. So I guess from my point of view, a small amount of clicking, popping noise is not something I'm going to go chasing routinely.

Interviewer: Is there anything that can be done, the person can be done to help alleviate it? Could it be a muscular imbalance, exercises, cycling?

Dr. Greis: Sure. The most common source of the small minor pop or click is kind of the patellofemoral joint, which is the front of the knee. And often, for those of kind of things, if people do come to see us, we prescribe a course of physical therapy with strengthening which often helps to mitigate or minimize the amount of popping and clicking that occurs.

Announcer: Have a question? Ask it. Send your Listener Question to hello@thescoperadio.com.

Announcer: Need reliable health and wellness information? Don't listen to the guy in the cube next to you, get it from a trusted source, straight from the doctor's mouth. Here's this week's listener question on The Scope.

Interviewer: This week's listener question is about fractures, and we've got an expert here to answer it, orthopedic surgeon Dr. Justin Haller. So the question is if this parent suspects that their child has a fracture, or if somebody suspects that they have a fracture, is that something that you need to have treated, or can that just heal on its own? I mean, because it's not like a broken bone.

Dr. Haller: Sure, that's a great question, and a fracture is a broken bone. And it's. . .

Interviewer: Okay.

Dr. Haller: And so it depends on the type of fracture and the severity of the fracture, whether it needs an operation or whether it can be treated with a cast. To really be evaluated, the patient needs to have an x-ray to determine the amount of displacement or the amount that the bone has moved, and the location of the fracture as to whether it needs an operation or not.

Interviewer: So I guess the question is, how would this person even know that they have a fracture? I mean, what are the symptoms of that? Because a broken bone is pretty obvious if you've got a malformed arm.

Dr. Haller: That's right. Yeah, so, a fairly displaced fracture is pretty obvious, where an arm or leg doesn't look right, as patients say, but a non-displaced fracture can be as simple as just pain in a wrist. And the only way to really know is to get an x-ray.

Interviewer: Yeah, and ultimately, it sounds like what you're saying is, if you have symptoms, you believe it's a fracture, realize that that is a broken bone.

Dr. Haller: Right, exactly, that's a broken bone.

Interviewer: That something might need to be manipulated to make sure that it heals properly.

Dr. Haller: Yes.

Interviewer: And you should seek treatment.

Dr. Haller: You should seek treatment to have it evaluated to see if it's something that needs a manipulation in a cast, or whether it's something that needs an operation.

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