What to Expect with Intravitreal Injections for Age-Related Macular DegenerationIf you're apprehensive about getting an intravitreal injection for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), you're not alone. Ophthalmologist Monika Fleckenstein, MD, explains the procedure,…
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What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?If you or someone you know is affected by age-related macular degeneration (AMD), you understand how much it can impact the quality of day-to-day life. While the condition is mostly connected to…
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February 08, 2023
Vision Interviewer: Age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in adults in the United States. The effects on the central vision caused by this disease can significantly impact your life, including the ability to do daily activities, the things you enjoy, and it could also lead to a loss of your independence. However, the good news is, if caught early, the progress of the disease can be slowed. Dr. Monika Fleckenstein is a professor of ophthalmology and vision sciences at the Moran Eye Center. She's a retina specialist with an emphasis on this condition. Dr. Fleckenstein, let's start with what is age-related macular degeneration. What's going on? Dr. Fleckenstein: Yeah. So age-related macular degeneration, and we usually say AMD, this is a disease in the back of your eye, and it causes that your central vision may get worse over time. As the name says, the most important risk factor is your age, where you cannot do a lot about it. But we also know other risk factors, which is, for example, smoking or unhealthy lifestyle. And we also know that there's a strong genetic component in this disease. Interviewer: You called a . . . it impacts your central vision. Is that what you said? Explain what that means. Dr. Fleckenstein: Yes. So if you look at a paper and try to read, you do this with your very central vision. So this is the area of sharpest vision. This is an area in your eye which we call the macula. And the very center of this macula is the fovea. This is actually the area of sharpest vision, and this is the area you need for reading, for recognizing faces. So this is the highest resolution in your eye. Interviewer: I want to know how age-related macular degeneration impacts people's vision in their daily functioning. Talk to me about that, from what you've seen with your patients. Dr. Fleckenstein: We have different stages of age-related macular degeneration, early stages where you may not experience any symptoms, and then we have the later stages of the disease that you may develop a grayish area in your central vision. In certain subtypes of the disease, you may even develop a central dark area where you're not able anymore to recognize faces or read. The symptoms patients experience is dependent on their disease stage, but usually, when I see patients with earlier stages, I actually ask them, "Do you have difficulties in dim light?" And so when you go to a restaurant and if you try to read the menu and the light is dimmed and maybe candlelight, this is actually where the patients realize first symptoms. Then also, when they come from bright light outside entering a room, and they may realize it takes them longer to adjust to these changing light conditions as before in their life or compared to the people they are surrounded by. So these are typically the first symptoms of the disease. And so in later stages, when there is the real damage of the cell layers, the photoreceptors, patients may experience that they have difficulties to read. In very late stages, patients may even not be able anymore to recognize faces. And this is probably, you know, the end stage of the disease where they are not able anymore to read or recognize faces. Interviewer: And the importance of early detection in age-related macular degeneration, it's pretty critical, from what I understand. Can you expand on that? Dr. Fleckenstein: Most sad situations are those where patients have the wet stage and did not receive treatment, and then you face a stage where treatment is not possible anymore or is not really effective anymore if patients have developed scar tissue. And this is why it's so important that if you realize symptoms, never hesitate to reach out to your doctor and ask to have a look. And when I'm seeing actually my patients with earlier stages of the disease, I explain to them the symptoms of the later stages and tell them, "Please never hesitate to contact me and my team if you experience these changes." And I even tell them it's, you know, "Even if you do not have these specific changes, but if you have a weird gut feeling, please reach out," because sometimes, you know, patients just experience something is off, something is weird here. I cannot really say what it is. Never hesitate. Try to be seen by an ophthalmologist just to make sure that nothing is going on. Interviewer: And if it's caught early, there are some things you can actually do about it. Tell me about that. Dr. Fleckenstein: In the earlier stages of the disease, there are certain constellations or certain findings in the back of your eye where we would recommend that you take certain nutrition supplements. So it has been shown in a large clinical trial, the AREDS study, that a certain combination of supplements may delay the progression to late stages, but just if you have a certain constellation of the disease. So the study has also shown that just taking these supplements without having any sign of AMD will probably not have a positive effect. But if you have certain signs, it has been shown that the disease may be slowed down. In general, we would always recommend, but this is more or less a general recommendation to the whole population, to have a healthy lifestyle, not to smoke. And actually Mediterranean diet has been shown, not only in age-related macular degeneration but also in cardiovascular diseases, that this can be beneficial to prevent the development of macular degeneration and also of the late stages. And Mediterranean diet, this means vegetables, fruits, olive oil, fish. So more a combination of nutrition into this direction. Interviewer: So since catching it early is so crucial, how often should somebody actually get their eyes checked for macular degeneration? Dr. Fleckenstein: Yeah. So this really depends on age. So the American Society of Ophthalmology, they actually recommend to have an eye check when you become 40. Then it highly depends if your ophthalmologist finds anything, if you have any signs of a disease in the back of your eye. With ages of 65, we would recommend yearly eye exams. But of course, if you have a positive family history for age-related macular degeneration or if you have certain risk factors, I would recommend to be seen by an ophthalmologist more often and even in earlier ages. Interviewer: And in the diagnosis part, are you able to diagnose the disease? How far in advance before a person starts experiencing symptoms are you able to diagnose the disease with the equipment you have? Dr. Fleckenstein: So we can see on a micron level changes in the back of the eye. Within the last decades, we have seen such a rapid improvement on resolution. And again, we can see tiniest changes in eyes. We indeed also see patients without any symptoms who are not aware of having any problems, and we may pick up earlier signs of the disease, and we can certainly see if macular degeneration is present or not. Interviewer: That peace of mind is probably great for a lot of patients when you tell them, no, that's not it, that's something else. Dr. Fleckenstein: Yes. But, you know, I tell my patients as well, as the time has changed so much and we have these dynamics right now, having the diagnosis of AMD today is something completely different than 20 years ago. Interviewer: And why is that? Dr. Fleckenstein: Because first of all, I believe within the next 10 years, you know, we will have more treatments available, and for the wet late stage where everyone is so scared about, we have wonderful treatment available, and this treatment really works well. And I always say I have respect for the wet late stage, but I'm not scared of it anymore because if this is treated well, patients can keep their vision for many, many years.
If you or someone you know is affected by age-related macular degeneration (AMD), you understand how much it can impact the quality of day-to-day life. While the condition is mostly connected to aging, there are ways to prevent, treat, and slow the condition. Learn the basics of AMD, ways to identify it early, and treatment options that can help patients with the condition enjoy a better quality of life. |
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PRK: The Other Laser Surgery Option for Your EyesWhen you think of corrective vision surgery, LASIK may be the first procedure that comes to mind, but did you realize there are other options available that might be better for you? PRK is an older,…
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March 28, 2016
Vision Interviewer: When you think of vision correction surgery, most people think of Lasik. It's not the only option. We'll discuss what the other treatments might be next on The Scope. Announcer: Medical news and research from University of Utah physicians and specialists you can use for a happier and healthier life. You're listening to The Scope. Interviewer: We are in the office of Dr. Amy Lin today. She's an ophthalmologist at the Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah. Dr. Lin, first of all, tell me why someone would even need to go get Lasik. Dr. Lin: People get Lasik to get out of their glasses or contact lenses. They want to correct their nearsightedness or their farsightedness or their astigmatism. That's why someone would want to have Lasik. Interviewer: That's not the only option, I'm hearing. There are other surgery options besides Lasik. Dr. Lin: That's correct. The most common alternative to Lasik is something called PRK. PRK was actually the precursor to Lasik, but we still do a lot of PRK nowadays because there are certain advantages with PRK. And it does the same thing as Lasik, corrects nearsightedness and farsightedness and astigmatism. Instead of having a flap in the cornea like there is with Lasik. With PRK, there is no flap in the cornea, but your eye has to heal over naturally. Interviewer: When a patient comes to the office and they ask you for suggestions of what treatments and what surgery they should do, how do you decide Lasik is better for you or PRK? Dr. Lin: We do a whole variety of measurements in the office. We measure the steepness and the shape of the cornea. We measure the thickness. We measure the prescription in the eyes. And based off of that data, we decide is the cornea thick enough for Lasik and PRK because you do need a thicker cornea for Lasik. Is the prescription too high for Lasik and maybe still ok for PRK? That's kind of one objective measure that we have for choosing one or the other. There are other parameters that we look at. We actually look at the patient and if they have a lot of dryness in their eyes, like they can't wear the contact lenses for a long time because their eyes become too dry, with Lasik, we know that you get a lot of dry eye afterwards than with PRK. If you have dry eye existing, it may be a better option to go with PRK rather than Lasik so you don't worsen your dry eye. Interviewer: When your doctor tells you that they recommend PRK as your treatment, does that mean that you are not a candidate for Lasik? Can you not do Lasik if you are recommended PRK? Dr. Lin: Usually, people are either candidates for both or candidates for just PRK. If a doctor recommends to you that they recommend PRK, usually, it means there's something that usually bothers them in Lasik and they think it might be too risky to do Lasik, but it would be safe to do PRK. Interviewer: Now, are the outcomes of both of the surgeries the same? Dr. Lin: Yes, the outcomes are the same. When they do the studies that compare PRK versus Lasik, the visual outcomes are the same. PRK takes a lot longer to heal whereas Lasik is a lot faster. Lasik people are saying well after a day or so. With PRK, it takes several weeks. That's not to say that you're blind for several weeks. It's just not to be quite as crisp and clear for several weeks, but the vision does get there. Interviewer: With gradual outcome. Dr. Lin: Exactly. Interviewer: With Lasik, from what I understand, there is a laser involved that corrects your eye vision for you. Tell me about PRK. Is that the same thing? Is there a laser involved or is it some totally different procedure? Dr. Lin: Both Lasik and PRK have a laser involved. With Lasik, there are actually two lasers involved. There is one laser that cuts a flap and the cornea and then, there is a second laser that corrects for the vision. And with PRK, we just use the laser that corrects for the vision. After the laser procedure, with PRK, a bandage contact lens is actually put on the eye and that contact lens is kept in the eye for several days so that your eye can heal. Whereas with Lasik, there isn't any extra material put on your eye. Your eye kind of . . . it's fast and your eye is almost kind of healed at that point. There's really nothing to cover up. Interviewer: Is there one that you would prefer over the other, in terms of their kind of better outcome long-term. Dr. Lin: PRK could be a little bit safer and the reason is that with Lasik, there's kind of a long life risk of having additional damage to your eye if your eye gets hit really hard. We're talking hard injury like a car accident, baseball to the eye, a big fall, something like that because the cornea isn't that 100% strength. There could be additional injuries to the eye with whatever injury hits you in the eye, but if you have PRK and you get hit in your eye later on, any eye injury you would have wouldn't be any different than getting hit in your eye right now. Interviewer: PRK is not a surgery that a patient could come into your office and say, "I want this surgery." It's something that you need to evaluate and it's a doctor-prescribed treatment? Dr. Lin: Exactly. PRK is an elective surgery, but we still need to see if you are a candidate for it. But some people are not candidates for Lasik and some people are not candidates for Lasik or PRK. I think they're both great procedures and the only way to for you to determine that is to see a doctor, get all the testing to see if you're a candidate. Announcer: TheScopeRadio.com is University Of Utah Health Sciences Radio. If you like what you heard, be sure to get our latest contact by following as on Facebook. Just click on the Facebook icon at TheScopeRadio.com |