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Interviewer: As patients and loved ones of patients who have suffered from Bell's palsy know, the loss of one's ability to move one's face can be really serious and impact their lives. And if it's lasted for longer than six months or so, a surgical option may be available to give back a loved one's smile and ability to move their face.

We're joined by Dr. Sarah Akkina. She is the Assistant Professor of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Department of Otolaryngology and Director of the Facial Nerve Center at University of Utah Health.

Now, Dr. Akkina, briefly, what is Bell's palsy and why is facial paralysis so potentially life impacting?
What is Bell's Palsy?

Dr. Akkina: Bell's palsy is a rapid, or less than 72 hours, one-sided facial nerve weakness of unknown cause, meaning we don't have an alternative reason for a patient to have it.

It's really important to know that recovery from Bell's palsy should start two to three weeks after. So that as an entire category really classifies Bell's palsy.

There are other conditions that can cause facial weakness, and that includes stroke, brain tumors, salivary gland tumors, cancers, and infectious diseases, including things like Lyme disease or a tick-borne disease.

Overall, we suspect that Bell's palsy is related to swelling around the facial nerve, probably related to an unnamed or unknown virus. The nerve that travels from the brain to the face to control face movements is in a very small bony canal at the base of the skull. So swelling in that area can lead to compression and that can cause the dysfunction that we see.

The facial nerve controls muscles in the face, but it also controls tear glands, saliva glands, a muscle in the ear, and taste to the front of the tongue, as well as sensation to the eardrum and parts of the ear canal. So outside of the obvious facial weakness, patients with Bell's palsy can also have dryness in their eyes and mouth, a change in taste, sensitivity to loud sounds, and a change in the sensation of the ear.

So while patients recover, they can have debilitating functional losses in the short term, and that includes the inability to close their eye, trouble keeping food and liquid in their mouth, nasal obstruction, and overall difficulty expressing emotions. So they can't smile on that side of the face, which obviously impacts everyone's day-to-day lives.
Treatment Options for Bell's Palsy

Interviewer: Wow. And so for patients who are maybe suffering from these different symptoms, whether it be facial paralysis, or inability to tear, or asymmetry, etc., what options are available for patients who are still experiencing those types of symptoms longer than is typically expected for healing, say, six months or so?

Dr. Akkina: For overall treatment of patients who have Bell's palsy with incomplete recovery, meaning they still have some muscle weakness, some asymmetry of their facial movements, or some major functional issues like being able to keep food or liquid in the mouth or nasal obstruction, we have a series of treatments that we can provide for those patients.

We provide treatments that are focused on both moving, or dynamic, and non-moving, or static, facial reanimation. Static procedures are focused on improving the overall symmetry of the face at rest, and that includes procedures focused on the brow, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, and the cheek.

Dynamic procedures can bring back facial movement itself, and that includes surgeries that connect working nerves to non-working nerves, as well as surgeries that transplant nerves or muscles from nearby or separate areas of the body.

For patients that have developed abnormal facial movement after facial paralysis called synkinesis, we offer procedures to reduce that abnormal movement, including chemodenervation, or using botulinum toxin injections, or Botox/Dysport/Xeomin, as well as selective neurectomy. And this is cutting nerves that lead to the abnormal movements. We can also cut selective muscles that are moving abnormally.

So there's a variety of ways that we can really delve into exactly what is abnormal for a patient and help them in these matters.

Interviewer: Wow. So you just described quite a few procedures. These are all under the umbrella of facial reanimation?

Dr. Akkina: Correct. Yeah.
What is Facial Reanimation for Bell's Palsy?

Interviewer: Wow. So what kinds of patients are, say, eligible for these types of procedures? Is there anyone that for one reason or another would not be eligible for something like this.

Dr. Akkina: So by group, I'll say, for things like nerve transfers, it's important to know . . . For Bell's palsy, we don't assume that there are other nerves that are affected. But for patients who may have the facial paralysis because of other skull-based tumors or other pathologies that may then affect other nerves, we have to make sure that the nerve we connect to the non-working nerve is going to work, if that makes sense.

Interviewer: Sure. Okay.

Dr. Akkina: For muscle therapies, a lot of patients will qualify for different work such as cutting muscles that are abnormally moving. But for moving muscles, so sometimes if a patient has permanent, abnormal movement of their smile, we can transplant a muscle from their leg into their face to basically recreate their smile muscle movement.

That, of course, does require that that patient's a good candidate to be able to undergo a long surgery where we transplant that muscle. They have good arteries and veins in their face that we can connect it to and are otherwise healthy from other standpoints too.

So, as you can tell, it is pretty individual-based, and that's why it's so important to be able to see a specialist who can talk you through all these different options.

Interviewer: And the specialist that they're looking for is a facial nerve specialist in surgery?

Dr. Akkina: Correct.

Interviewer: I guess this might be a strange question, but considering how tailored and kind of unique it is per patient, what kind of success rates do you see with your patients?

Dr. Akkina: We can get great success rates, especially with nerve transfers. One critical part is that timing is super important. So we talked about for things like Bell's palsy, if you have abnormal movement after three months, you should get immediately referred to a facial nerve specialist. Because overall, for some of these nerve transfers to work, we only have 12 to 18 months before that facial nerve itself may not work very well even if we connect it to a better nerve that can give it more input.

So overall, for the nerve therapies, we really need to see patients, again, ideally within 12 months so we can start planning for whether they may be a candidate for the nerve surgeries.

That muscle transfer surgery can be done essentially at any time. That one we like to wait a little bit longer to know that they won't recover from the other standpoints and that they may not recover from things like the nerve transfers. But that is a really great option for patients who don't qualify for the nerve transfers themselves.

Interviewer: And for the static procedures, it's mostly for cosmetic, mostly for that kind of situation, or . . .?

Dr. Akkina: Both cosmetic and function. So the static procedures, they can really help with, for instance, for the eye work, again, closing the eye. So being able to maybe not necessarily use as many eye drops or have to tape the eye at night, things like that, our eye procedures can give that function back.

Another really great thing is . . . Outside of the symmetry, the nose can be droopy, so a lot of patients have nasal obstruction. And some of our static procedures, one called a static sling where I take fascia from the leg and reattach it to parts of the face, bring back basically support of the nasal valve and support of the mouth, so it's not drooping so much.

So it helps both the appearance of the face and the function in terms of that droopiness, which is why a lot of patients have difficulties with chewing food or keeping food and liquids in their mouth. So the static procedures can help both of those aspects.

Interviewer: We're just not necessarily replacing muscles or reconnecting nerves.

Dr. Akkina: Exactly.

Interviewer: We're doing structural things. Okay. Interesting. So what are some of the potential complications that come with these types of surgeries?

Dr. Akkina: Yeah, one of the main complications is sometimes for the nerve transfers, the nerves unfortunately don't connect as we like or don't eventually function as we like. But we do like to work with our physical therapists very intimately for those procedures as well, to teach patients how to use those new nerve connections.

One example is that we can connect a nerve that controls one of the muscles of mastication, or one of the muscles that's responsible for us closing the jaw, back to the facial nerve. But that does mean that a patient essentially has to clench their jaw to activate their smile. So there are different physical therapy things to learn about that, to teach a patient how to use their new nerves correctly.

Some of the complications that always exist for surgeries are things like bleeding, infection of the site, sometimes failure of the static sling procedures where we don't get as much of a lift of the face as we want, as well as ultimately relaxing of the face again.

Gravity wins always at the end, so even if we do these procedures when a patient is, say, in their 30s or 40s, over time the face will continue to droop and may need additional procedures in the future.
The Cost of Facial Reanimation for Bell's Palsy

Interviewer: Well, this is kind of really exciting to hear about all the potential ways that we can work on this, but what does this kind of procedure cost and is this something that is covered by insurance?

Dr. Akkina: Great question. So this procedure is typically covered by insurance. That's the number one thing, especially for things related to overall facial paralysis. Typically, insurance will cover any procedure related to that facial nerve motor dysfunction.

There are insurances that won't cover some smaller procedures. Sometimes things like the brow lift on that side of the face, because it is very focused on the symmetry and appearance of the face, has difficulty getting covered by insurance. But for the most part, a lot of these advanced procedures we've discussed will be covered.
How to Choose a Facial Nerve Specialist

Interviewer: So we've got a patient, and they're dealing with this kind of long-term facial paralysis. What should they be looking for in a doctor? If they want to explore some of these potential facial reanimation options, what kind of doctor are they looking for, and are there any particular trainings or certifications or something that they should be searching for?

Dr. Akkina: Absolutely. The first thing I'll note is that taking care of facial nerve disorders is a team sport. So we have, in our facial nerve center, multiple specialists from different aspects that all come together to collaborate and care for our facial nerve patients.

So our team includes experts in facial plastic surgery, neurotology, otolaryngology, head and neck surgery, oncology, ophthalmology, facial nerve rehabilitation. So you can get a sense that there are so many different aspects that we can come together to treat for patients.

And each specialist focuses on their area, but certainly in a facial nerve center setting, we can all basically collaborate on our individual aspects.

Initially, I think it is important to see a specialist who's at least aware of many of the procedures and treatments that we can offer. So, typically, facial plastic surgeons or even some neurosurgeons are focusing their practice on these areas.

This is an exciting field where we do have development of new techniques and new practices that are coming out each year. So being at an academic center can also really help because specialists in these centers are usually up to date on the latest knowledge, if not performing some of these trials and experiments ourselves. So going to folks who are most up to date on what's going on, I think, is also important.

For facial plastics, there are board-certified surgeons who have additional training and are, again, certified on a particular level with that training. So I would recommend always seeking a board-certified surgeon, especially moving forward with the surgical treatments.

Interviewer: So I guess look for a board-certified surgeon maybe at an academic center, or just look for that doctor that will be able to help you get the type of treatment that you need.

Now, as a patient who might be first starting out onto this, first looking into potential options, or a loved one of a patient, what is the message that you have for them in kind of starting this journey towards facial reanimation?

Dr. Akkina: Yeah, my main message is that, one, you're not alone, and two, there are ways that we can help. Even if that's mainly connecting a patient with a therapist to work on facial retraining or discussing some of these more advanced, both surgical and injection options, there is likely a way that we can help. And we want to work with you and evaluate all these aspects that you're going through.

Places like a facial nerve center will have multiple specialists who are all geared towards helping this very special patient population. So we want to help you. Please come find us.

Interviewer: After a person has experienced major weight loss, either through lifestyle changes or something like a bariatric surgery, you may be left with a bit of excess skin that just won't seem to go away. And there are a few surgical options available to help remove that skin. Dr. Brad Rockwell is a professor of plastic surgery at University of Utah Health.

Now, Dr. Rockwell, when it comes to the excess skin from weight loss, how common is it for someone to have excess skin that just won't seem to go away?

Dr. Rockwell: Oh, virtually 100%. Unfortunately, as we get older, our skin loses some of its collagen, loses some of its elasticity, and the skin will become loose. So, even at certain ages of maturity, even if someone is not overweight, they will still have some lax skin in their abdomen. For everyone that's lost weight, virtually 100% will have some extra skin that could be improved with abdominal surgery.

Interviewer: So the surgery is an abdominoplasty, correct?

Dr. Rockwell: Correct.

Interviewer: And it's my understanding that there's a gradation of how much skin, and that kind of relates to what kind of surgery that you as a plastic surgeon would perform. Why don't you walk me through some of these treatments and kind of walk me through how they work and what a patient could expect?

Dr. Rockwell: There's the standard abdominoplasty. The non-medical term for that is tummy tuck. That's also essentially one of the main components of a Mommy Makeover. But it's just loose skin in the abdomen. In addition to the loose skin, usually the muscles beneath. If it's in a female who's had a pregnancy, the muscles will be a little loose. The skin may have some redundancy.

And the standard abdominoplasty or tummy tuck will remove skin in the lower portion of the abdomen. The skin that is higher on the abdomen is stretched to close where the skin was removed. And in addition, the six-pack muscles or rectus muscles are tightened and that will narrow the waist.

Interviewer: Okay. So it's not just the skin that you're operating on. It's also the muscles underneath?

Dr. Rockwell: Right, by tightening the underlying muscles. No muscle is cut. No muscle is thrown away. The muscle is still fully functional. There's some experimental evidence that actually shows the tone in the muscle is increased and athletic performance may be boosted a little by tightening the muscles. But the muscle is tightened. That will narrow the waist and that actually allows more skin to be removed because the inside becomes a little smaller.

Interviewer: Ah, got you. So what's the next stage of treatment?

Dr. Rockwell: So the standard abdominoplasty that we just talked about will pull the skin from the upper portion of the abdomen down lower and remove skin in the lower abdomen. Some people who have lost more weight will have a vertical skin redundancy and also a transverse skin redundancy. So the skin can be tightened by pulling it down, and the skin could also be tightened by pulling each side towards the middle of the abdomen.

The standard abdominoplasty leaves a longer scar in the lower abdomen. It goes from one hipbone to the other hipbone. The second stage does everything that a standard abdominoplasty would do, but in addition tightens skin from side to side, and that leaves an additional scar along the vertical midline of the abdomen. It goes from the bottom of the breastbone down to the pubic bone.

Interviewer: Okay. And so that's for, say, someone who has additional excess skin on the sides, love handle area, or . . .

Dr. Rockwell: It would be someone who's probably lost 50 pounds or 100 pounds. Standard abdominoplasty, maybe the people haven't lost weight. Maybe they've actually gained a little bit of weight from their younger days.

So this second stage, which is also called a fleur-de-lis, which is a French term, that will tighten side to side. And most of those people have lost probably 50 to 100 pounds.

Interviewer: And so as we go onto the last stage, this is for people who have lost a lot of weight. Tell me a little bit about this Stage 3. And I hear that it was a procedure that was developed by someone from the University of Utah?

Dr. Rockwell: Yeah. So the third stage is called a corset abdominoplasty. Dr. Alex Moya, who was a plastic surgery resident at the University of Utah in the early 2000s, now practices in Pennsylvania, and he developed this surgery.

So it incorporates everything that a standard abdominoplasty would do and everything that a fleur-de-lis abdominoplasty would do. And in addition, he pulls skin from the upper portion of the abdomen up towards the chest. The downside of it is it adds a scar right under the chest, or in women right under the bottom of the breast. But it allows even more skin to be removed compared to the other two options.

Interviewer: When it comes to deciding which surgery to do . . . I've heard you kind of discuss it depends on how much weight has been lost, how much excess skin. How much does the scarring come into that decision-making?

Dr. Rockwell: For most of these people, scarring is a secondary concern. Removing the extra skin is more of a concern. Obviously, if someone is in clothing, the scars are not visible at all.

And the majority of people who have the fleur-de-lis abdominoplasty or the corset abdominoplasty may not be on a beach exposing their abdomen. They may have little more modest clothing to cover it up, and then the scars would not be visible at all. But even if they're in that clothing and had not had surgery, the redundant skin and the rolls of extra skin would show through their clothing.

So, for most of these people, the priority is removing as much skin as possible, and the secondary concern would be the scarring.

Interviewer: So, for patients that are choosing to have this procedure done, is it an outpatient procedure? Are they in the hospital for a few days? And how long does it take to get back to your day-to-day life?

Dr. Rockwell: So just about everyone that has any of the three versions of a tummy tuck that we have discussed, it would be performed as an outpatient. The reasons to stay overnight would usually not be specifically related to the involvement of the surgery, but would depend on pre-existing medical conditions.

So if someone had lung trouble or heart trouble and their lung doctor or heart doctor might say, "You need to be monitored overnight in the hospital after that surgery," that would be the reason to stay. But most of them, it's an outpatient operation.

Interviewer: After they get home, what is the recovery time, and what are the steps of recovery, and how long will they expect to be recovering for?

Dr. Rockwell: So if someone has a desk job, they would probably be able to return to a desk job after two weeks. If they have a job that's a little more physically demanding, maybe three weeks.

In tightening the muscle, there's a six-week recovery period to resume exercise. Where the muscle is tightened, it takes six weeks for the muscle to heal where someone could attempt to do a sit up. So the long point of recovery would be six weeks to resume exercise or six weeks to lift more than 10 to 15 pounds.

Interviewer: So, for patients that might be interested in a procedure like this, what should they be looking for when it comes to choosing a good surgeon who will be able to give them the best results possible?

Dr. Rockwell: So none of these options of an abdominoplasty are small operations. They usually require between three and maybe six or seven hours in the operating room. So you want to make sure you have a qualified surgeon.

The best level of qualification that the public could find out about a surgeon is to make sure the surgeon is board certified. And for this type of surgery, make sure they're board certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. There are non-plastic surgeons who offer this surgery, but their background training would not be as rigorous as a board-certified plastic surgeon.

Interviewer: And I guess the last question is what are some of the positive results that people see? Are most people happy with the procedure? What can a patient expect after they're all healed up and back to their lives?

Dr. Rockwell: Yes, I think universally the patients are happy. The extra skin is gone. The satisfaction is largely patient-derived where the abdomen is closed. There's not a lot of positive reinforcement from other people because other people aren't seeing it.

But the patient himself or herself just feels much better. Their confidence increases. They find clothing will fit differently. They can buy clothing more easily because they're more a standard size. And if exercise is an option, that extra skin, extra fat is not there, and just normal everyday moving around is easier and exercise is easier.

Interviewer: So if you've been on social media lately and follow any of those pimple popper videos or whatever, you may have heard of a ganglion cyst. It is a small bump that usually shows up on the hands or the joints. And online, they'll tell you to pierce it with a needle or hit it with a big old book. We're going to find out if that's the right way to treat these big old cysts.

Joining us today is Dr. Brad Rockwell. He is a professor of plastic surgery and he works with hands.

Now, Dr. Rockwell, when it comes to a ganglion cyst, what is it?

Dr. Rockwell: All of our joints have fluid inside that's somewhat similar to oil to keep the bones moving freely. And around the joint, there's a skin layer that keeps the fluid inside the joint. If that skin layer gets a little weak spot, it can form a bubble and the normal fluid that's in the joint can enter that bubble. It stretches out that skin lining and then the bubble can get bigger and bigger. And eventually, that bubble can work its way up to be visible beneath the skin. And that's a ganglion.

Interviewer: So it's not just when you see pimple popper videos or whatever online it's oil or it's trapped dermatological fluid. This is something that your joints need to function correctly.

Dr. Rockwell: Yes. It's just normal structures that have moved outside of the joint and usually form under the skin. But they still have an attachment to the joint.

Interviewer: Oh, wow. Okay. And do they only show up on the hands, or can they show up in any joint?

Dr. Rockwell: They can show up in any joint. There are some that are more common. Palm side of the wrist, the back of the wrist, or the end joint in the finger are common spots. But the back of the knee is another common spot where orthopedists would treat ganglions.

Interviewer: Now, is there anything in particular that causes them? Any cofactors or anything, or are some people just more predisposed to having these, some activities that they do?

Dr. Rockwell: Most of the joints, we don't know. They may, to some degree, be arthritis-related, but most of the ones in the hand at the wrist don't have a specific arthritic etiology. At the end joint on the finger, there's a definite arthritic etiology. There's, in general, a bone spur that's there. The bone spur rubs on that skin inside joint layer and weakens it and allows the bubble to form, which becomes the ganglion.

Interviewer: Now, is there a way to, say, identify that it is a kind of ganglion cyst or it's one of these joint fluids, not something else that you should probably not be popping anyway?

Dr. Rockwell: Most times a doctor could look and tell. In general, where a ganglion is there is not something else comparable that would be in the same spot.

For a patient, they may notice that it increases and decreases in size. It is normal joint fluid that's beneath a stretched-out joint lining skin layer. Occasionally, that lining that contains the fluid can weaken and develop a little hole and the fluid may escape from the ganglion, and then the fullness will go away. The fluid escapes under the skin and gets resorbed. There are no symptoms associated with that.

So if someone notices a mass over the joint that gets bigger and then gets smaller and gets bigger, that's going to be a ganglion.

Interviewer: All right. So we now know what these things are, where they come from. Now, I've seen some pretty gnarly videos on the internet. Why or why not should someone pop them or hit them with a book?

Dr. Rockwell: Well, deflating a ganglion in the end is a good treatment. There's a medically appropriate way to do it. Popping it at home or hitting it with a book to try to rupture that skin layer may accomplish the same endpoint, but the body won't necessarily see it as a friendly way to treat the ganglion.

So, in the office, rather than popping it, we will put a little needle into it and drain the fluid. So put some lidocaine in the skin to numb the skin, clean the skin well, and then put a needle in and drain the fluid out. And about 20% of the time, that will be successful in treating the ganglion.

Eighty percent of the time, unfortunately, the fluid will recur. And then it can be drained again, although most likely if it recurred once, it will recur again. If it recurs once, surgery is the best option to resect the ganglion down to the level of the joint.

Interviewer: What are some of the potential dangers of, say, doing it at home by yourself? It's not just a big pimple on the back. This is something that's connected to your joints.

Dr. Rockwell: Yes, exactly. It's a fluid-filled cavity that has a connection to the joint. So if it's popped at home and an infection develops in the ganglion, the infection has a very short direct route into the joint. And an infected joint would be a horrible outcome from ganglion treatment.

Interviewer: Geez. So say someone finds themselves with a ganglion cyst. They now know, "Hey, don't treat it at home." What kind of doctor should they be going to? Is this something that you go to a primary care physician, an InstaCare, a dermatologist?

Dr. Rockwell: So if it's in the hand, it should be a hand surgeon, and hand surgeons are either orthopedic-trained or plastic surgery-trained. If they're in other joints, most likely it would be an orthopedist.

Most of the other bigger joints in our body, the ganglion would be deeper under the skin or the patient may not actually know there is a ganglion there. But if they have arthritic trouble and are seeing a rheumatologist or an orthopedic surgeon for the arthritis, the doctor would recognize that the ganglion is there and then suggest appropriate treatment.

Interviewer: Three types of surgery can be used to treat craniosynostosis, which one depends on a few different factors. If the synostosis is caught early enough, the newer endoscopic procedure can be used.

Pediatric plastic surgeon Dr. Faizi Siddiqi and pediatric neurosurgeon Dr. John Kestle are here to discuss the three different types of surgery for a synostosis and why they would consider one over the other. So, first of all, how early does a child need to see you for the less invasive endoscopic procedure to be an option?

Dr. Kestle: So the endoscopic method we've been doing since '07, and we've found that the best time to do it is usually between two and three months of age. So we have to see the patient before that and the earlier the better. The surgery is done under a general anesthetic, and the surgery typically lasts about two hours, and most of them spend one night and can go home the next day. Occasionally, they need two nights. It's done with, for example, sagittal synostosis with two incisions -- one just behind the soft spot and one toward the back of the head. And then we work under the skin to remove the fused bone.

Removing the fused bone doesn't really change the shape much at all immediately. It just releases the bone. And then about two weeks after the surgery, they start wearing a special helmet that's designed for surgical patients, that is a little snug front to back and a little loose on the sides, and it just guides the growth so that as the baby's head growing, it's taking on a more normal shape. They wear the helmet for about six months, some shorter, some longer, and we just monitor the growth pattern and make that decision. And they'll go through several custom-made helmets over the course of the treatment as they grow.

Interviewer: Generally, I'd imagine a less invasive procedure is always better. Why is this procedure better than say the traditional treatments?

Dr. Kestle: Well, it's got a shorter hospital stay, a much lower rate of blood transfusion. It's a lot less swelling associated with the surgery. It's easier on the babies, and the results are at least as good.

Interviewer: Is there a reason, other than age, why a child would not be eligible for the endoscopic surgery?

Dr. Kestle: We don't often do it in children that have syndromes where they might have multiple malformations in other parts of the body, such as Crouzon syndrome or Apert syndrome. And in addition to those other malformations, they have synostosis. Those children usually need the more traditional, bigger surgery. But any child that has one suture fused is a great candidate for the smaller surgery.

Interviewer: Dr. Kestle, you're a neurosurgeon. So you handle that part of the procedure?

Dr. Kestle: Yes.

Interviewer: Okay. And then Dr. Siddiqi, you're a pediatric plastic surgeon. With the endoscopic procedure, both of you are in the operating room at the same time. Just kind of walk me through how the surgery goes. Dr. Siddiqi, you start the surgery.

Dr. Siddiqi: So we're in the OR together. It's a team approach. So once the anesthesia team have completed their part, which is getting the baby asleep and making sure the IVs are put in and everything is safe to proceed, that's when we position the baby for surgery. I would make the initial incisions. For example, for sagittal synostosis, we make two incisions on the top of the scalp. Again, that's one of the advantages of doing it this way versus the bigger procedure because you have two small incisions. Through those incisions, we expose the area that we want to operate on, which is that fused sagittal suture. And once everything's exposed and visible, then Dr. Kestle would take over.

Dr. Kestle: What we do is remove a little bit of bone under each incision. And that allows us to get underneath the bone. Underneath the bone is a layer called the dura, which is a covering layer over the brain. It's kind of like leather, like a thin leather. And we use the endoscope to separate that layer from the bone, and that allows us to safely cut the bone and remove it. Once the bone is removed, we look at the dura and make sure it's okay. We stop any little bits of bleeding, but there usually isn't much. And we check the bone edges, which sometimes ooze, and make sure that any bleeding is stopped. And then at that point, Dr. Siddiqi and his team continue working.

Dr. Siddiqi: Yeah. So we take out or remove additional segments of bone. There are these little triangles we take out, about four them. Again, afterwards, we make sure that the bone edges are, you know, clean. They're not bleeding. Again, that's one of the other advantages to doing it this way. The blood loss is quite small, minimal compared to the traditional way. Most of the time, it's maybe 10 or 15 milliliters of blood. So once those triangles are removed, then we close the incisions. Then the anesthesia team takes over, and the baby's, you know, woken up and then taken to the recovery room.

Interviewer: What does the recovery look like then for a child? And, you know, what kind of outcomes can parents expect?

Dr. Kestle: With the small surgery, they don't need to go to the intensive care unit. They stay in the hospital in a regular room, and the parents can stay with them. The vast majority of those children are here for one night. Occasionally, they need two nights. The criteria for going home are pain control and feeding. They get some swelling toward the back of the head, that gradually goes down over the first week at home. Stitches dissolve on their own. And within a day or two, they're back to their usual self as far as feeding and behavior goes.

Interviewer: And Dr. Siddiqi, how long does it take for the head then to regain more of what would be considered a normal shape?

Dr. Siddiqi: Yeah. So as Dr. Kestle mentioned earlier on, the shape doesn't change after the surgery, right after. It's once they're in the helmet. The helmet is critical for reshaping the head. And typically, they're in the helmet usually two to three weeks after the surgery. It's a custom helmet. You know, it just guides the growth of the head, and over the ensuing, you know, three to six months, we have a more normal head shape. And hopefully, after six months of helmeting, that's all they need.

Interviewer: And the incisions that were talked about out in the endoscopic surgery, are those visible or are those in the hairline?

Dr. Siddiqi: You know, they're in the hairline. And again, another advantage to doing it this way is the incisions are on the top of the scalp, the head, and those scars heal very nicely. They're quite thin and they're barely perceptible. You only notice them when the hair gets wet. Again, with the bigger procedure, you have a much bigger incision from ear to ear, which is much more noticeable.

Interviewer: Let's talk about the more traditional procedures in the event that a parent is in a situation where their child is older than six months old or there's other reasons why they might have to have that. What are the two procedures, and can you explain those a little bit?

Dr. Siddiqi: Yeah. So sometimes, you know, we do see kids who are, you know, two, three months old and they're eligible for the smaller procedure, but for various reasons, let's say they live out of state or they don't want to do the helmeting, they would like to do the traditional, what's called cranial vault reconstruction with orbital advancement. So then we would wait until they're 10 to 12 months of age to do that procedure. Essentially, that's a much more involved procedure, but it's a procedure that's, you know, well described. People have been doing it for, you know, 30, 40 years. You know, the results that you get are comparable to the endoscopic procedure, but, again, it's how you get there.

So with this procedure, you have to expose the entire skull. So that means an ear-to-ear incision through the top of the scalp. I would expose that, mark out where I want Dr. Kestle to make the cuts and remove the segments of bone that we want to reconstruct and reshape. Then Dr. Kestle would remove those pieces of bone, make sure that the lining of the brain is okay, make sure everything is okay. Then I would reshape all those bones and reconstruct the skull in a more normal configuration, and everything is stabilized with plates and screws. And these are resorbable plates and screws. They dissolve in about a years' time. So we put everything back together and close the scalp. That's a four or five-hour process. Much more blood loss than with the endoscopic procedure.

They typically would go to the intensive care unit for one night, and they typically would be in the hospital three or four nights. Oftentimes there's quite a bit of swelling. The eyes can get swollen shut, and it would take maybe 10 days to 2 weeks for that swelling to go down.

Again, the advantage is you don't need a helmet. It's all done in one stage. You know, the compromise is that it's a much bigger operation.

Interviewer: If parents are evaluating a center or physicians to do this procedure, what advice would you give to them to, you know, pick out the best place for them?

Dr. Kestle: I think it's a procedure that is usually done very safely, and children do very well and go home quickly. We are exposing the layer over the brain, and there is a potential for bleeding. And so I think that experience matters. And I think that you do want to be treated by people who do this a lot and people who can handle problems, which are rare, but if they arise, they need to be dealt with appropriately. So I think it's a big advantage to being treated by people who have experience with this, who are in a children's hospital with pediatric-trained specialists, including anesthesia and a pediatric intensive care unit if they need that.

Interviewer: And you mentioned a third procedure, a cranial vault distraction, when might that be used?

Dr. Kestle: So there are some children where their brain is in trouble or potentially in trouble because they have presented very late or they have multiple sutures that are closed. And in that situation, we want to make the skull bigger to give the brain room to grow. Probably the best way to do that these days is a procedure called distraction, where some implants are inserted and then the skull is gradually expanded over time.

Dr. Siddiqi: You know, with cranial vault distraction, again, the idea is to give the brain as much room as we can because of the fact that more than one suture is fused. And the way that's done is I would ask Dr. Kestle to make some cuts on the bones. And then I would put these little devices, they're called distractors, on either side of the cuts. And then three days after surgery, we would have the family start turning those distractor devices. Typically, it would be total of one millimeter a day. So over the ensuing three to four or five or six weeks, the bones are slowly being separated. And what happens is that, as they're separated, there's new bone being formed in the gap. And over time, that new bone will solidify. So we're not only expanding the volume for the brain, we're also creating new bone. This is really the only way we can expand the brain to this degree using these devices. We couldn't do it as a single-stage procedure.

Interviewer: Between the two procedures, the endoscopic procedure, the less invasive, and the cranial vault reconstruction, are there any tangible differences and outcomes or how the head is going to look or anything like that?

Dr. Siddiqi: I would say like the overall head shape is probably going to be comparable, just the head shape itself. But again, as I said, it's how do you get there? You know, how long does it take? What are the risks involved? In terms of the shape itself, with the endoscopic procedure, overall the head feels and looks quite smooth at the end of the day when everything is healed. Whereas with the bigger procedure, you know, we're taking all the bones out or in multiple pieces, putting it back together. So when everything is healed in a year, two, three years' time, you do feel some irregularities over where the bones are joined together. But overall, the head shape is probably comparable. But, you know, I think you get an overall smoother head shape. And I think it probably looks a little bit better as well.

Dr. Kestle: And obviously, the scar is different as well. In the endoscopic, there's two scars on the top of the head that hide really well. And the bigger surgery has an ear-to-ear incision, which also usually heals really well. But as people age and start to lose hair, it's a lot more obvious.

If you are considering having breast implants, for whatever reason, how do the new FDA guidelines on breast implants affect you and your decision?

Breast augmentation is near the top of the most cosmetic surgical procedures. Although the number of women who had breast implants fell by one-third in 2020, probably related to COVID-19 pandemic, still 200,000 people had breast implants in the U.S. in 2020, down from the usual 300,000 implants per year. About 75% of the implants are for cosmetic reasons, and the rest are part of reconstruction after breast cancer surgery.

Recently, the FDA took some new steps to improve and strengthen the information guidelines about implants and short- and long-term consequences.

It's hard to know how women want to receive information about the risks of breast implants. They believe that they know the benefits, at least for the persons they believe themselves to be right now. They can't really assess the benefits to the woman they will be at, let's say, 60. However, the assessment of benefits is a completely personal process and will be different from woman to woman. And this includes trans women making the decision to have breast implants.

The risks are harder to communicate. Language is often very medical, numbers are hard to process, and some people don't even want to know the risks.

There are data from a randomized trial of information giving that women who received more information were happier with their decision, were less likely to experience preoperative anxiety, and were less likely to experience postoperative regret. So in the information era, I think more is better.

So what are the new components of these new FDA guidelines? First of all, they aren't exactly new. They've been worked on for several years now, and they went out for public comment and were published back in 2020. However, they became more official in the fall of 2021.

Firstly, the boxed warning, the ominous black box that comes on some package inserts of medications and devices that actually nobody really reads unless you stick it on their nose.

I'm going to quote here the example from the FDA with my own asides put in. "Warning," and this is in a big black box, "breast implants are not considered lifetime devices. The longer people have them, the greater the chances are they will develop complications, some of which will require more surgery.

"Breast implants have been associated with the development of a cancer of the immune system called breast-implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. This cancer occurs more commonly in patients with textured breast implants than smooth implants. Although the rates are not well defined, some patients have died from this." Okay, that's number two.

Three, "Patients receiving breast implants have reported a variety of systemic symptoms, such as joint pain, muscle aches, confusion, chronic fatigue, autoimmune diseases, and others. Individual patients' risk for developing the symptoms has not been well-established. Some patients report complete resolution of the symptoms when the implants are removed without replacement." Okay, that's the black box.

Well, I would want to know more about the phrase that the implants are not considered lifetime devices. There are no recommendations that breast implants be removed after some certain years, not like IUDs that have a finite effectiveness with recommendations for removal at a certain time.

Eighty percent of women who've had an implant placed still have it at 10 years. Of course, the woman that you are at 25 will not be the woman that you are at 55, and neither are your breasts, as all of us know.

"The chance of complication increases over time." What does that mean? Your surgeon should explain those complications, what they are, how often they happen, and what can be done about them.

The common ones are hard fibrous walls around the implant that can be unnatural-looking and feeling, or rupture of the implant capsule.

The uncommon one is the cancer that's associated with the certain kind of implant with a textured, not a smooth, outer covering. That cancer, which is mentioned in the black box, is called breast-implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. This is a mouthful, but is lymph cancer that arises over time, rarely.

The incidence in women who have these textured implants is 1 in 3,000 to 1 in 30,000. So it's not common. We have a great interview with Dr. Jay Agarwal on this kind of cancer and breast implants. You can find this interview at The Scope if you want to know more.

"Breast implants have been associated with these systemic symptoms." What does that mean? Some women have experienced symptoms such as pain, autoimmune symptoms, chronic fatigue. In the past, this has been somewhat ignored. But there are some women who've had fewer symptoms after their breast implants are removed. This isn't very well understood, but here it is in the black box.

To help understand the black box warning about breast implants, the FDA has created a model patient decision checklist. I think this is really great if it's given to the woman well in advance so she has time to read it or have someone read it to her and explain it to her. This isn't something to be handed out in the pre-op visit just to sign, the way you sign your permissions to your software like Google or your phone. This should actually be read word for word.

The FDA created this checklist to add to that surgeon's counseling. It is meant to be a springboard for discussion, and the patient will read and check off that they've read it and understood it.

It is long, multiple pages, with places for the patients to sign at the bottom of each topic. It includes who shouldn't have implants, at least at the moment: women who have an infection, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, women who are having chemotherapy or have a suppressed immune system. It includes more information about the rare lymph cancer and about long-term systemic symptoms.

Actually, the example in the FDA guidelines is a really, really good one. If you're an information junkie like me and you read at, at least, the 12th-grade level, it's great.

The long-term risks of complications are spelled out. The frequency at which these things happen are attached, such as painful scar tissue around the implant reported in 51% of patients, rupture or leaking of the implant 30%, need for reoperation 60%. But those are just the biggies.

It's a really great document. It's what your surgeon should have been telling you anyway, but in the heat of the moment in the office, they might not take the 30 minutes to talk to you about this. And you might not remember. This is a great chance to take it home and read it carefully and bring it back with your questions.

And with the FDA guidelines, there's an updated suggestion about management of breast implant rupture or leakage, that 30% of the time it happens.

And last but not least, there's a card for the patient to keep forever in her wallet or personal records about what kind of implant she has, what it's made from, and when it was placed.

Now, you think you'll remember all this stuff, but you won't. And maybe you'll have them still at 80 and your memory is fading. Your surgeon may have retired or gone on to surgeon heaven. Your medical records may be lost. But at least you have a document about what is existing in your body.

If I had implants, I would laminate mine and put it next to my driver's license or my organ donation card.

I think these are really good steps in the right direction in patient information and decision-making. I know you just want what you want and you wanted it yesterday, but it's a long-term decision with long-term consequences, some good, some not so good. You should take your time and try to get it as right as you can.

Thanks for joining us on the "7 Domains of Women's Health" at The Scope.

Interviewer: So maybe you're considering getting a cosmetic or a reconstructive procedure done. We've all seen the before and after photos, but it's there's sometimes a journey in between those two points, and to kind of talk us through this is Dr. Courtney Crombie. She's an Assistant Professor and plastic surgeon with University of Utah Health.

Now, Dr. Crombie, what are some of these, you know, you see in magazines, you see on advertisements, you know, the before and the after. But, you know, there's a lot more involved with the recovery, regardless of what your procedure is. Why don't you walk me through some of the things that you as a surgeon really want your patients to understand when they're first thinking about these kinds of procedures.

Dr. Crombie: So most of the time, you know, our patients come and meet with us. They'll have at least one, and sometimes multiple meetings with us prior to a given procedure. And then on the day of the procedure, once again, we meet in the morning. They'll meet their anesthesiologists, and then they'll meet with us, and usually, depending on what the procedure is, we'll do our markings and our consent forms and then off to surgery.

After the procedure, we usually see them within the first week for their first follow-up appointment, and it'll either be with the surgeon, or someone on our team to check in and make sure that they're doing okay with their pain medicines and that our surgical sites are doing okay, if there is drains involved, you know, a drain check and just to see overall how they're doing.

On my service, I usually end up seeing patients probably every one to two weeks after their procedure until the kind of the final product of our procedure is done, which may be anywhere up to six weeks later. All our checkups were following drain outputs and removing drains, checking on wounds, removing Steri-Strips, and when it is time to start doing massages on massaging of scars, we will talk you through that portion, talk about sun exposure to scar, and get you through everything to the end product.

Interviewer: So beyond say scar care, wound care, pain management, what are some other things that they also should be keeping in mind? I would assume that, you know, they're going to be out for a while, they're not going to be able to, you know, lift anything, run around with the kids. What are some of those other kind of, you know, social and psychosocial aspects of all this?

Dr. Crombie: We discuss with you your daily activities of what we start allowing you to do, from walking the dog to, you know, carrying your children, playing with your kids, riding a bike. Whatever the activities are, we're usually discussing what those things are that we think is okay to do based on what wounds you have, what muscles are lying under those wounds. So we're very involved with everything because we want you to have the very best outcome for the things that we're helping you through.

Interviewer: So a patient who, you know, they hear that it's going to be a process, right? They hear maybe they're going to hurt for a while, they might have to, you know, work through one thing or another, what is something you tell them to kind of reassure them, if this is something they really want to do?

Dr. Crombie: I remind them that there are going to be good days and bad days, and on your good days, you really need to sort of tone it down so that your bad day, you don't totally crash. And I ask them about their support system, and I encourage their significant others to help them through on, you know, to be their cheerleader, and to help them through on their bad days, and hopefully they have a good support system. We want our patients to do well. It's a reflection of us, of course, and, you know, we want the best for our patients. We want good outcomes for them. And that's why we're here.

Interviewer: If you are struggling with that last little bit of body fat, that one kind of struggle area or something along those lines, you might be looking at a surgical option. But a tummy tuck, a liposuction, these are terms we might understand, but what do they really mean? We're here with Dr. Courtney Crombie. She's an assistant professor and plastic surgeon with University of Utah Health now. Dr. Crombie, liposuction, tummy tuck, what are the differences in these procedures?

Dr. Crombie: So, first of all, a tummy tuck or abdominoplasty is a surgical procedure that is meant to remove excess skin and fat in the abdominal area, and can also be used to tighten muscles underneath that skin and fat. For liposuction, this is also a surgical procedure, but it's meant to sculpt or reduce small pockets of fat that are resistant to change from diet and exercise. This can also be done on the abdominal area, but can be done in other areas of the body as well.

So liposuction is a much easier recovery because there aren't as many limitations put on you. Basically, you're wearing compression, either abdominal binder, if it's around your belly, or some compression like a girdle or something if it's other places like on your hips for probably four to six weeks. And so fairly easy to conceal because it's just under your clothes. And you're going to have pain in those areas where we liposuction, but you're getting around okay.

Now, for an abdominoplasty, if you're having a full-out abdominoplasty with the muscle placation, that's a much greater recovery. Six weeks where we don't have you lift anything heavier than let's say, a gallon of milk, you are wearing an abdominal binder, you have drains in place that you have to carry around with you for two, maybe upwards of three weeks, you may not be able to stand up straight for the first two weeks. And so it's a much harder recovery and it may be the full six weeks before you feel like nothing happened to you.

Interviewer: If I'm a patient who is looking to get one of these procedures done, what is one of the kind of first steps I should take on my journey trying to decide which of these procedures is best for me?

Dr. Crombie: If there's an area where you have loose skin, then liposuction probably isn't the thing for you because if we remove the fat under that loose skin, that loose skin is probably going to just get looser and wigglier and it's probably not the thing that you're going to want to see when you look in the mirror. You're probably looking at more at having to remove that skin along with the fat underneath. So then we're thinking more of the procedures that are removing the skin along with the fat.

Interviewer: Okay. So like the tummy tuck?

Dr. Crombie: Yeah.

Interviewer: If it's in that region?

Dr. Crombie: Exactly.

Interviewer: Okay.

Dr. Crombie: So liposuction really is to just take away areas where there's just stubborn fat that you can't get rid of, but your skin tone is really quite good there. And one thing also that I want to remind people of is that it's not a good way to lose weight.

Interviewer: What do you mean by that?

Dr. Crombie: Well, sometimes I have people coming in that want to use that as a way to take lots of pounds off, but I don't recommend that. If you're on your way to losing weight, I would recommend that you get to a point of weight loss that you want to be where you're at your comfortable weight. And it's a healthy way that you can maintain and that you're not struggling to stay there, and you're not starving yourself to stay there. But it's something that you can easily stay at comfortably, then that's the time to come see us so that whatever procedure we do is worth your while, worth your time, and worth your money. Does that make sense?

Interviewer: That? Yeah. I like that because that's just it is if you guys remove the fat and I'm just going to put it back on. Is that what you're saying or is it just . . . We want to make sure.

Dr. Crombie: Yeah. Exactly. If you're only partway there and then we do say the tummy tuck and then you go ahead and lose another 20 pounds and then your skin loosens up again, I'd hate to have to redo that procedure after you've just spent all this time and effort because with a tummy tuck when we tighten the muscles, that's a long time where we're not letting you do any heavy weight lifting, you're very immobile, you may have drains in place, and you may have a lot of time off work. And so there's a big investment of pain and suffering to get through your recovery and a lot of people don't want to go through all that again. And then plus it is costly too. So you want to be one and done.

Interviewer: That's some great advice coming from a professional because someone from the outside is like, "Oh, well, it'll just help me get thin. It'll make me look the way I want." No. That's not what we're looking for here. This is that last step. Right?

Dr. Crombie: Right.

Interviewer: So if I am looking for a procedure like this, what is my first step when it comes to finding the right surgeon, finding the right facility, etc., like right procedure? This is some stuff that I didn't know. As a layperson, I record these types of interviews all the time. If I'm just someone coming in for the first time thinking about this, what is the first step when figuring out a surgeon?

Dr. Crombie: Well, certainly you can come and see any one of us at the university. Our Consultations are free and so if you're not sure, then let us take a look, let's talk about what your goals are, and we can even help you if you're not sure, if you're at a point where you're ready to take that next step or if you're still on your journey of weight loss or toning or whatever. And we can figure out where your endpoint is and come up with a plan.

Dr. Jones: So you've been very successful at achieving your weight loss goal. Congratulations. But you don't fill out your bra anymore. What is that about?

Most women who undertake a significant weight loss through diet or through weight loss surgery are hoping to lose fat. That's the part of the body that we don't need so much. We don't want to lose a lot of muscle when we do a weight loss thing. But some parts of our body are mostly fat, and that would be our breasts, and weight loss may lead to a body change that isn't welcome. So what can we do about that?

Today, in the virtual Scope Studio, I'm talking with Dr. Cori Agarwal. She is a plastic surgeon who specializes in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery at the University of Utah, and she has an interest in helping women find the body that they're looking for.

So I have some questions about this, because this is a really interesting topic for people who have really undergone a basic transformation of their body, whether it was 30 or 50 pounds, or they lost baby weight and the baby and then they nursed and so their body isn't the same. After substantial weight loss, women may find their bodies change in ways that they hadn't anticipated. Can you talk about weight loss and how it affects breast structure?

Dr. Agarwal: I think that's a really overlooked conversation when people set out to lose weight. They're really focused on health and kind of the getting back to feeling more active. And sometimes it's a surprise when there's this negative effect on specifically the breasts.

The breasts, as you mentioned earlier, are made up of quite a bit of fatty tissue, and that really varies person to person. But I'd say most women, especially as we age, the breasts become more and more percentage of fat. So when you lose weight all over your body and you lose fatty weight, naturally some amount of that is going to come off of the breasts. And you don't always know until you're there. So, for some women, it's just a minor effect. And for some, it's completely deflated after the weight loss.

Dr. Jones: Oh, deflated. I mean, it's hard enough getting older and if you've had babies, but to have . . . even that word deflated, that would have me rushing to you to get some help.

Dr. Agarwal: Well, I was going to say the deflation, it's really important to think of it in two areas. There is the loss of volume, so the loss of this fat where you really just lose the size of your breast. And then there's the deflation, the sagging of the skin where the nipples kind of point down and everything stretches down.

And those two we really think of separately and independently. When we talk what options there are for rejuvenating and filling the breasts, we really think of the sagging and the loss of volume separately, because not every individual has as much sagging or as much loss of volume.

Dr. Jones: When you said there are really two parts to two different kinds of changes that happen with weight loss, there's sagging and then volume, what are you going to do? What are the procedures here that you're going to undertake with this woman?

Dr. Agarwal: There are really two main objectives. And one is to fill the volume to the size that was lost. And for some women, they want to be a little bit smaller than they were to start. Some want to be a little bit bigger. And to fill that volume back, to restore that deflated volume, the mainstay operation is a breast augmentation, and that's placing an implant in the breast usually behind the muscle to regain the volume.

However, if the skin has at the same time sagged, which it usually does, in the process, there needs to be a skin tightening procedure done at the same time. And that's called a mastopexy or breast lift.

Now, these can be done independently. Someone may just want the lift. They might like the size that they've ended up, but everything's just droopy. So we'll just do the breast lift. And then more commonly, we will offer and recommend a lift with an implant, because in most people, I think both of those processes are happening. That's something that's very individualized, but I think it's important to think of those two separately, the lift and the augmentation.

Dr. Jones: And so, rather than some people thinking they're just going to have a little incision somewhere and something is going to be slipped in and pumped up or something, you're really going to have to remove some skin and maybe lift the nipple.

Dr. Agarwal: Right. I think that's often a surprise for women because they think, "Well, this is just like a deflated balloon. I'm just going to fill up the balloon," but they haven't really noticed how far things have stretched. And we really have to have an honest conversation about what it will look like with just the implant, or if you really want or would recommend a lift along with that implant.

Dr. Jones: So what are the options for women who would choose breast surgery? Do you call it aesthetic or cosmetic, or in this case, is it really reconstructive and is it paid for by insurance?

Dr. Agarwal: That's a really important thing, and so many things are blurred in the world of plastic and reconstructive surgery. A lot of things that we do that are reconstructive really are also cosmetic, and there is a blurred line, especially when it comes to the breast.

So when we talk about the words cosmetic and reconstructive, what we're usually getting to is "Will insurance pay for it?" Because if insurance sees it as cosmetic, then even if we think it's really truly a reconstructive thing, building your body back, we have to call it cosmetic. And the sad truth is that for most breasts that have sagged or lost volume almost all the time will be considered cosmetic by insurance companies and is not covered.

Dr. Jones: Well, for women who part of their weight loss journey has been becoming really active, and now they have breasts that don't want to stay where they want to put them, that ends up getting in the way of their being the physically active person that they have to be if they're going to maintain their weight loss.

Dr. Agarwal: Right. And we do try to make those arguments to insurance, but I think that it's just outside the scope of what we can declare medically necessary for the breast. Breasts sag for so many reasons. Pretty much anyone who has gone through a pregnancy and nursed a baby, even just age, breasts just sag almost 100% of the time. And so I think that's just beyond what we can argue for insurance to cover.

Dr. Jones: Knowing that many people who lose weight gain it back again, is there any recommendation about waiting for weight to stabilize for a while before considering breast augmentation? I mean, we've all watched the successes and failures on "The Biggest Loser," and some people are back right where they started from within a year or two. So how do you counsel people in terms of when they should consider this reconstruction?

Dr. Agarwal: I think as a general rule of thumb after a lot of weight loss, we'd like people to maintain their weight for about six months. If it's just a quick diet that's severe and maybe they're going to bounce right back in a couple of months . . . but by six months of sustained weight loss, most people are pretty steady in their weight. So that's the general recommendation, but of course, it's very individualized.

Dr. Jones: Right. And can this surgery be part of a larger surgery? So you certainly know people who have maybe had bariatric surgery and they lost 150 pounds, and now they have sagging not just in their breasts, but throughout skin, all over their body, which becomes a significant issue in just terms of staying healthy. Can you do redundant skin reduction at the same time that you do a breast surgery, or are these staged at different times?

Dr. Agarwal: I think both are true for each individual. When we're thinking about doing reduction of skin, tightening of skin after a lot of weight loss, safety is the main priority. We want to limit the amount of time under anesthesia for any individuals. So if they came in and said, "I want my breasts and my belly and my thighs and my back," we really have to slow it down and say, "Okay, what's the most important thing here? Can we combine it with something else?"

We try to limit the surgery time somewhere between three and six hours. And so we can do sometimes breast work with something else, but depending on what other areas are the priorities, it's very common to stage this.

But that's the conversation we have after we get to know the patient and see how healthy they are, how prepared they are for a long recovery. So it can go both ways.

Dr. Jones: So when you say how healthy they are and how emotionally prepared, it's hard when you have just a few minutes to get to know someone. And I know that sometimes before people undergo bariatric surgery, they might actually see a behavioral psychologist. But how do you get to know people to know that this is the right thing for them to do and they're not just seeking something that's really unobtainable? How do you set realistic expectations about what they're hoping for?

Dr. Agarwal: This is really important. We spend a lot of time . . . I'd say the first visit is usually about an hour. And during that time, a portion of it is talking about the surgery and evaluating them. But a big part of it is talking about how they've gotten to that point, how they feel, what their expectations are, and then their social support. I think social support is critical when you talk about getting through a big surgery like that. And so we'll make sure that they've really thought through who needs to help them, someone to help with the children, someone to help with themselves and their work. So that first visit, we do a fair amount of that really trying to get to know someone.

And you're right, it's only one visit, but usually we have another one or two visits after that before surgery and really get to these critical questions of whether they've thought this through and have the support on the other side. Some will have to really set realistic expectations, that you will not have a 20-year-old body after this, but you will have this and you won't have that. So we try to be really realistic and not try to sugarcoat it or make it seem better or easier than it will be.

Dr. Jones: Right. Well, I would think that most people having gone through . . . particularly if it was significant weight loss, they've been with this body for a while and they know what they're looking for, and I bet you they're mostly pretty realistic. They're not coming in with perfect breasts hoping for more perfect breasts.

Dr. Agarwal: I wish that was the case in everyone. I think there are certainly a lot of women who are exactly in that category, but there are a lot of people who still . . . maybe it's a lot of the TV shows out there, but there is an idea that there's some magic that happens and some Photoshopping. I do think we have to ground them sometimes if maybe what they've been seeing isn't realistic, because . . .

Dr. Jones: I've seen some of those YouTube videos, the befores and the afters, and I look at the afters and say, "How can she have lost 150 pounds and have breasts and legs that look like that? Is that real?"

Dr. Agarwal: Exactly. So you have to take a lot of it with a grain of salt, and so that's the job. I think that that's the consultation. You're not going to know that before really meeting with your surgeon and understanding what can be achieved.

Dr. Jones: I want to thank you because I hadn't really thought about this one. Certainly I've had patients over the years who were thinking about bariatric surgery, and I didn't really take them through all the steps that this will happen when you get there. You will get there, but then this may happen. It may not. So I want to thank you for giving us some insight.

And for women who've taken the big steps to make a big positive change in their body through weight loss, there are sometimes still steps to take to feel like yourself again. You're not alone and there are options and procedures that can help.

I want to thank you, Dr. Agarwal, for joining us. And thanks for everyone who's listening on The Scope.

Interviewer: So you've decided to get a rhinoplasty. How long can you expect to see the results that you were hoping for?

Announcer: Health information from experts supported by research. From University of Utah Health, this is thescoperadio.com.

Interviewer: I'm here with Dr. Cori Agarwal. She is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the University of Utah Health. So, Dr. Agarwal, what can I expect right after surgery when I get my rhinoplasty?

Dr. Agarwal: So rhinoplasty is an outpatient surgery. And depending on how complex it is and all of the work that you're planning on getting, it can take a couple of hours under general anesthesia typically, and you would go home after that surgery the same day. Right after the surgery, you're going to have some bandages on and a splint on the outside of your nose that's going to be taped onto your cheek, sometimes taped onto your forehead. You may have some blood dripping from the nostrils and a gauze under there. So right after the surgery, you're not going to be looking your best. You'll go home and the main thing for the first couple of days is really to just take it easy and let things heal so that there isn't any bleeding or complications.

Interviewer: After the first few days, do the bandages come off? What's after those first few days?

Dr. Agarwal: So it depends a bit on how much work is done. If there's work done on the bones to narrow the nose or just on the soft tissues, so that'll vary a little bit. But, in general, I think, as a rule, most patients after rhinoplasty have a splint or a bandage on their nose for one week. So that's one week having a little cast on the outside of your nose where you're probably not going to want to be going out and doing a lot of social events. You want that splint to stay stuck on, so you don't want a lot of moisture on it. So that first week, I don't recommend making any plans.

Interviewer: So I assume there's going to be some swelling, and I assume there's going to be some discomfort. Is there anything during that first week or so that patients can do to kind of help speed up their recovery at all?

Dr. Agarwal: To minimize swelling, keeping your head elevated can help. And so what I ask patient to do, when they go home, is to get themselves kind of a nest to sleep in, where they have a few extra pillows behind their back or sleep in a recliner. Because when you lay flat, the swelling increases and you can . . . it's a little bit better if you keep your head elevated for those first couple of days while you go through the peak swelling time period.

Interviewer: And what about after those first few weeks? When does that splint finally come off?

Dr. Agarwal: So normally, between five and seven days, you'll go in for your follow-up visit with your surgeon, and they'll take the splint off, take out any stitches that need to come out. And at that point, you're going to be a lot more presentable. You will have still some swelling and possibly some bruising. You can have some bruising under your eyes sometimes, so you may need to put on some cover-up. But at that point, after one week, you can usually go back to work as long as you're not doing anything very strenuous or heavy lifting.

Interviewer: So once they take the splint off, is it just you're ready to go, like these are the results you wanted, or my understanding is that it takes a while?

Dr. Agarwal: Yeah. That's the thing that people don't always understand. And I really try to emphasize before the surgery to set the expectations. But the nose holds onto swelling longer than other parts of the body. And it's also right there in the front of your face. And so even a tiny bit of swelling you're going to recognize.

And so, usually, you're not going to look terrible after one week. But after a couple of weeks go by, the swelling is going to be very subtle to where mostly you're going to be noticing it or maybe some close friends or family would notice it. But it'll be a very small amount of swelling left after about three weeks. But that last bit of swelling, that last little bit takes about a year to go away. And so if you're looking for kind of that final best results of your nose, you have to be pretty patient.

Interviewer: A whole year? It's that last little bit of swelling. Why does the nose hold onto the swelling for so long?

Dr. Agarwal: That's just that the nature of the skin particularly on the tip of the nose can get boggy. Again, it's a very small amount of swelling, and it may not be too noticeable to the world. But when you're looking for your final result, it just takes that amount of time to see that final result.

Interviewer: So for patients that want to get a rhinoplasty, what's the one thing you would make sure to tell them to make sure that their expectations are where they need to be and that they'll be happy with the results?

Dr. Agarwal: So I think after the surgery, it's really important to make sure that you have . . . for the first week or so, you're in a healing period to make sure that you've set aside time off of work and that you have friends and family to help you out. And you'll slowly get back to normal between the first and third week. I think you're going to be feeling like yourself and you're going to be really happy with your new nose. And you do need to remember though that it may take a few months or even up to a year before you have your final result that you've been looking for.

Announcer: Have a question about a medical procedure? Want to learn more about a health condition? With over 2,000 interviews with our physicians and specialists, there's a pretty good chance you'll find what you want to know. Check it out at thescoperadio.com.

Announcer: Health information from experts supported by research. From University of Utah Health, this is thescoperadio.com.

Interviewer: So you've decided to get some cosmetic surgery done. How do you know that your surgeon is really the right surgeon for you? We're here with Dr. Cori Agarwal. She is an associate professor of plastic surgery at University of Utah Health.

Dr. Agarwal, say I'm looking to find myself a cosmetic surgeon. What should I be looking for as a patient?

Dr. Agarwal: I think there are a number of factors. I think you want to make sure someone has good experience and that they have good results, and it's hard to do that as a consumer when you're looking at multiple websites and comparing them. I think it's very hard to tell who's actually qualified. And so we look towards board certification as something that you need to look towards and ask your doctor about.

Interviewer: I mean, the results must be kind of important in making a decision, but the actual board certification, what kinds of things should people be looking for? Is there like a certain gold stamp of approval for "These are the best surgeons"?

Dr. Agarwal: Well, it doesn't guarantee you're going to have an excellent result or an excellent surgeon, but it definitely . . . by being board certified in a recognized board, you know that these surgeons have had a basic training, a certain number of years of surgery, and graduated from an accredited medical school, and gone through safety training, and taken oral boards and written boards. It's very rigorous to be board certified in plastic surgery and board certified in facial plastic surgery.

And so you know that at least they've gone through the correct amount of training and I think you should feel much more safe. I think if you don't see that kind of board certification, it's just more of a question mark as to where they did their training and how much training they actually did.

Interviewer: We were talking a little bit before. You said that there are certain certifications that don't really mean anything. They're just kind of buzz terms. What kind of things should people be looking out for?

Dr. Agarwal: There's a board of cosmetic surgery, and that's a board that is out there and people will put it on their website and advertise it, but it's not a recognized board by the American Board of Medical Specialties, which has been certifying all the medical specialties for a hundred years and it's the one that we look for.

So the cosmetic surgery board certification doesn't hold the same weight. It doesn't have the same requirements for medical school training, for surgery training and residency, and then the testing and maintenance of sort of the safety certification afterwards.

Interviewer: That seems a little . . . I mean, as a consumer, I would see cosmetic surgery board and just assume that, you know, it's solid, that that's a real, legitimate board. Are there any particular names of organizations or something that we should be looking for, that if you see that for a surgeon, you know they're going to have that experience, that certification?

Dr. Agarwal: Yeah, I think the easiest one is the American Board of Plastic Surgery. If you are certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery, nearly all of them will have the ASPS stamp on their website, American Society of Plastic Surgeons. So once you see that, you know for sure that they're certified.

There's also a facial plastic surgery certification that's equally good through training in otolaryngology. And so, if you see those as certifications, then you know that your surgeon has gone through appropriate training.

Interviewer: But it's not just that board certification. I mean, when you're talking about these types of results, they're something a little different than just a heart surgeon. What is it about plastic surgery, facial plastic surgery especially? What kind of relationship do you need to . . . as a consumer, how do you know that you have found the right surgeon?

Dr. Agarwal: Yeah, I think that's a really good point. I think there's something about a patient/doctor relationship, and I think you need to go in and meet your surgeon, talk to them about your goals, see if they listen to you, see if they see what you're looking for, and you seem to have a good eye to eye.

And I think one thing you can do is ask to see results. You can see before-and-after pictures that your surgeon may put on the website, or if not, then perhaps in the consultation they can show you some of their results from previous patients.

But I think it's making sure that this surgeon understands what you're looking for. They're not trying to push something on you. They're really listening to what your goals are for your desired surgery.

Interviewer: So other than asking for, say, before-and-after results and making sure that they're listening, what kinds of questions should you ask on that first consult to kind of get a feeling if they're the right doctor for you?

Dr. Agarwal: You know, I think it depends a lot on what you're looking for. So if you're looking for rejuvenation versus rhinoplasty versus eyelids, there are going to be specific questions.

I think you should do some homework and do some reading about the type of surgery. You never want to Google too much about your surgery, but I think it does give you a little insight into the terminology and, you know, make sure that the surgeon seems to understand what you're looking for.

It's important for them to talk to you about risks of the surgery. I think you have to go into any surgery knowing that there are always some risks involved. And if the surgeon doesn't bring any of those up, you may want to ask them about that.

Interviewer: So do your homework. Do your homework and go to that consult with eyes wide open.

Dr. Agarwal: You know, one other thing that can be helpful is looking at reviews online. They're not always going to be great as resources because some people just want to vent or complain, and so it's hard to know if that's all legitimate, but I think it gives you a trend.

I think if you see a lot of positive reviews, or a lot of negative reviews alternatively, that does give you some insight. You have to be careful where these sources are coming from, but it's something that I think goes along with doing your homework about a surgeon.

Announcer: Have a question about a medical procedure? Want to learn more about a health condition? With over 2,000 interviews with our physicians and specialists, there's a pretty good chance you'll find what you want to know. Check it out at thescoperadio.com.

Dr. Jones: Do women with breast implants have a higher risk of cancer? What cancer? What's the risk and what should we know?

Announcer: Covering all aspects of women's health, this is The Seven Domains of Women's Health with Dr. Kirtly Jones on The Scope.

Dr. Jones: There are about 300,000 breast implant surgeries performed every year in the U.S. Now, there are a number of reasons for breast implant surgery, but all people requesting breast implant surgery have concerns about risks and side effects. There's a new concern about a very rare cancer that might be more common in women with breast implants.

And today in The Scope studio, we're talking with Dr. Jay Agarwal, who is chief of Plastic Surgery at the University of Utah. He's a plastic surgeon at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, who specializes in breast reconstructive surgery, and he's going to help us think about this risk.

Welcome back to The Scope, Dr. Agarwal.

Dr. Agarwal: Thank you. Thank you for having me.

Dr. Jones: So what did the FDA identify as a possible association between breast implants and a rare non-breast cancer?

Dr. Agarwal: Over the past decade and a half, the FDA, the medical societies, and doctors in general have been paying very close attention to the outcomes of their patients that have had breast implants placed. And so, over the past number of years, we found that there is a very small but significant incidence of a rare lymphoma, and it appears that it's associated with a specific type of breast implant, whether they're placed for reconstructive purposes or cosmetic reasons. And that's ALCL, an anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Dr. Jones: That's a new one to me.

Dr. Agarwal: Yeah. Most people haven't heard it.

Dr. Jones: Right. Very rare.

Dr. Agarwal: And it's not a breast cancer as we think of breast cancers. It is a lymphoma. It's typically found in the capsule, the scar tissue that surrounds a breast implant. But again, I want to emphasize that it's exceedingly rare.

Dr. Jones: If there's an increased risk, what kind of numbers are we talking about?

Dr. Agarwal: We're talking about really low risk. It appears that patients with breast implants have about a one in 3,800 to one in 30,000 risk of developing this type of lymphoma. To put that in a broader context, you can think that the average woman in the United States, one in eight women will develop breast cancer.

Dr. Jones: In their lifetime, yeah.

Dr. Agarwal: In their lifetime. So this is orders of magnitude lower than that risk.

Dr. Jones: So it's very small or . . . this is where I put it in the teensy when I . . . this is my teensy risk.

Dr. Agarwal: That's correct.

Dr. Jones: However, it's a scary thing because many women who are having implants are maybe not doing it for cosmetic purposes but for reconstructive purposes, and they already have cancer on their brain and their heart. What kinds of breast implants are the most likely?

Dr. Agarwal: So what we've seen, first of all, there have been about 400 to 500 cases of this ALCL reported to the FDA. And after looking back at those patients and the types of implant they've had, it appears that the highest association is with textured breast implants.

Dr. Jones: So tell me about that. I don't get textured. Is textured meaning its outside is kind of rough, or what do you mean by textured?

Dr. Agarwal: That's correct. So breast implants come in a variety of styles. The first you may know is saline-filled implants or silicone-filled implants. And then another characteristic can be whether they have a smooth outer surface or a textured outer surface.

We started using textured implants because there was a thought that maybe it decreased the amount of scar tissue that formed around the implant or what we call capsular contracture. Sometimes we use implants that are slightly shaped, and the texturing helps prevent the implant from turning. But the association with the ALCL is the highest with the ones that have a texture on the outer surface.

Dr. Jones: Well, that has some biological possibility. I mean, it could cause a different kind of reaction than a smooth, slippery one.

Dr. Agarwal: It could. It's possible that the texturing creates more inflammation or an area for bacteria to reside and cause an inflammatory response.

Dr. Jones: You mentioned that it's in the capsule or the area around the breast implant. How does this present? Because quite frankly, when we think about lymph cancer, I think about lymph nodes, I think about armpits, neck nodes. I wouldn't think of looking at the breast itself. So how might it present if I were an OB/GYN or a clinician? What am I looking at?

Dr. Agarwal: Right. So patients who've had breast implants can present to their physician, OB/GYN, general family physician, or their plastic surgeon with a variety of different complaints. The breast is swollen, it's become more painful, or they feel a mass. The most common presentation is fluid around the implant. And about 86 percent to 90 percent of patients who've had this ALCL presented with what we call an effusion or a seroma around the implant.

Dr. Jones: Was it years after their implant or . . . it must have been years because cancer doesn't happen in a day.

Dr. Agarwal: Right. So the average time to presentation of the 400 to 500 patients that have had this has been 8 to 10 years after the breast implant has gone in.

Dr. Jones: Right. So if it's 400 in the U.S., that means the vast majority of plastic surgeons, OB/GYNs, primary care docs, nurse practitioners have never seen this, have never heard of it. But if a patient comes with a new complaint some years after the breast implant should be pretty stable, they should know enough to say, "That's not normal."

Dr. Agarwal: That's correct. Again, to put it in a little bit of context, as you mentioned in your opening, there are about 300,000 to 500,000 breast implants that are placed annually in the United States. It's believed that worldwide there are about 35 million women who have textured implants, and it's believed worldwide about 1.5 million implants are placed annually.

So, again, small numbers, but any OB/GYN, family physician, plastic surgeon should be made aware of this, because as we're learning more about it and as we're observing our patients more closely after they've had implants placed, we're identifying more cases of this. And while the number is small, we don't know where it will end up at.

Dr. Jones: Right. Well, when we're talking about breast cancer, even a very rare one, people think about this being lethal. So, when this presents, is this usually a cancer that's spread already? Do most people die from this cancer? What happens when people find this cancer?

Dr. Agarwal: Most of the time with ALCL that's associated with breast implants, the cancer resides locally in the tissues around the implant. And for most of the cases, removal of the implant and removal of the capsule, the scar tissue around the implant can cure the patient of the lymphoma. In rare instances, the lymphoma can spread to the lymph nodes or elsewhere, but the most common presentation is a local one.

Dr. Jones: Well, that's actually great news for a rare cancer, for it to be actually mostly curable with the surgery, just remove the implant and capsule. To me, as a provider and as a woman, that's very reassuring to me.

Dr. Agarwal: Yes. Nobody wants to have an increased risk of anything if they're having a medical device placed. The good news is (a) it's very rare, and if caught within an early period of time, it can be cured by removing the implant and the capsule. If there's something good about it, I'd say.

Dr. Jones: That's right. I think that's good news about bad news.

Dr. Agarwal: Right. I will say that at the University of Utah and Huntsman Cancer Hospital, we have placed a moratorium on textured breast implants. We no longer place any textured implant until the medical community and the FDA learn more about this ALCL, and until we feel confident or have some better understanding of what the true association, if there's really a cause and effect association.

I think you want to ask all the right questions as a patient. What type of implant am I having placed? What are the risks of the surgery? What are the risks of the implant?

From the physician side, it's important to do a full physical exam when your patient comes in for their annual visit. That includes a full breast exam, particularly in patients who have had breast implants. If a patient notices anything suspicious or a change in the shape, size, or feel of their breast, they should bring it to the attention of their physician. And if an OB/GYN or a family practice doc has concerns, they should then have the plastic surgeon involved.

The FDA at this point recommends that either an ultrasound or an MRI can be done as a screening tool. Anyone who has symptoms should go directly to MRI. Anyone who has an implant placed, particularly a textured implant, should have a screening MRI after five or six years after the implant was placed.

Dr. Jones: Well, for many women who are making the choice about breast implants, only they will be able to balance the risks and benefits in their own bodies. But we try to give them the best information that we have and help support them with their decision. Thanks, Dr. Agarwal, and thanks for joining us on The Scope.

Announcer: Have a question about a medical procedure? Want to learn more about a health condition? With over 2,000 interviews with our physicians and specialists, there's a pretty good chance you'll find what you want to know. Check it out at thescoperadio.com.

Recently the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has identified a possible association between textured breast implants and development of a rare form of cancer called anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL).

The majority of the data suggests the cancer risk is associated with breast implants that have textured surfaces rather than those with smooth surfaces. The risk is low and thus far only a small percentage of patients with textured implants have been found to have ALC in the United States. Nevertheless, out of an abundance of caution the FDA has recalled a specific brand of textured implants.

The Division of Plastic Surgery at U of U Health has stopped using all brands of textured implants in light of the recent concern of developing ALCL. Please note that the recall of these implants does not mean that the implants need to be removed. If you have concerns or questions regarding the recall please refer to the FDA website or speak with your doctor.

For More Information About the FDA’s Ongoing Status on Breast Implants and ALCL

Interviewer: You notice that your child is starting to develop a flat or misshapen head. Is that something to really worry about? And what should you do? We'll discuss that with Dr. Barbu Gociman next on The Scope.

Announcer: Medical news and research from University of Utah physicians and specialists you can use for a happier and healthier life. You're listening to The Scope.

Interviewer: Dr. Barbu Gociman is a plastic surgeon who specializes in pediatric plastic surgery at the Craniofacial Program at the University of Utah Health Care. If your child is showing signs of a flat or misshapen head, could be a couple of things going on. We're going to find out more about that right now. Is that always something to worry about?

Dr. Gociman: We see two different patterns. One would be the parents are really worried, the other one, the pediatrician is very worried. In either instance, there are two different causes. The more common deformity that you see is actually acquired after birth, is due to positioning in the uterus. As babies, we have a position of comfort. That is whatever the position of the uterus is. So once the baby is born, they tend to reproduce that position and preferentially just lay on one side.

As the brain pushes the bones and the head keeps growing, because the baby preferentially lays only on one spot, that becomes flatter and flatter. The rest of the cranium grows, and suddenly at three, four, five months of age, your baby has a flat head. Usually, it's on the back of the head one side. Obviously, there's a different degree of severity. We say usually about 1 in 300 babies has a very severe deformity that will need some time of aggressive management. That is the least severe problem because it's just an easy fix. Basically, you have the baby not lay on that spot. We will have to have the parents aggressively trying to rotate the baby from that spot. The challenge is the baby will always want to turn back into the same position.

Interviewer: How do you prevent that? What are some strategies you have to prevent that?

Dr. Gociman: Unfortunately, there's no one perfect strategy. All the pillows and things that try to make it through the FDA were to kind of reposition the baby in the crib did not make it because of safety hazards. They can act as chokers, basically. So there's no good device that will keep the baby from rotating so it's just the diligence of the parents. Some parents will be more diligent than others.

Interviewer: And you just have to go back in there and just . . .

Dr. Gociman: Keep rotating. Obviously, once the baby is growing a little bit more, more tummy time, more sitting position and that will alleviate the problem.

Interviewer: Gotcha.

Dr. Gociman: If the deformity is really severe, then we recommend a helmet, which the helmet is worn for 24 hours a day, basically. That will take off all those problems where the parents will have to go repeatedly and change the position.

Interviewer: The harm is not only a misshapen head, but it could actually affect the brain?

Dr. Gociman: There's absolutely no influence of the developing brain. It's just an aesthetic problem.

Interviewer: Oh, really? Okay. Well, I guess that's a relief on some level.

Dr. Gociman: This is the more common problem of a flat head. Unfortunately, there is a much more severe problem that could lead to a flat head or misshaped head. The technical name is craniosynostosis, in which one of the sutures, which normally separates the different bones into the cranium, fuses prematurely. The sutures usually fuse when we are in our 20s or 30s. If a suture fuses prematurely, either in utero or as a very, very young baby, the head will be forced to compensatorily grow and you will deal with a really misshapen head.

One suture can be fused, or multiple sutures can be fused. The more sutures that are fused, the more severe the deformity, and the higher the chance that misshapen head will put pressure on the growing brain and lead to developmental problems. That is a condition that will require surgical intervention. We do some surgical intervention, minimally invasive, in which the operation is done in conjunction with your surgery that is much quicker and the patients recover much easier.

We also, for more severe forms or for delayed presentation, the patient will require really very, very significant operations and the patient will require prolonged hospitalization, intensive care unit care after the operation. So, definitely, the way to tell the difference between the two, although we highly have a suspicion on physical exam, is to do a CT scan. The CT scan will tell us exactly if a suture is fused or not. We'll know 100%. We usually, on clinical exam, we can have a 90% to 99% suspicion of if we deal with one or another. Usually, for positional plagiocephaly, it's very easy to make the diagnosis just on physical exam.

Interviewer: That's the one where sleeping in the same position too much . . .

Dr. Gociman: And which is the more common one.

Interviewer: Gotcha.

Dr. Gociman: In order to make the exact diagnosis, we'll be happy to see you to our Craniofacial Program at the University of Utah, to see you and discuss what the problem is and what the next steps will be.

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Dr. Jones: Disfigured, mutilated. These are words that are the way some women feel after mastectomy, the extensive surgery for breast cancer. What can we offer women who have had this surgery, to help them recover their self-image?

Dr. Jones: About a quarter of a million women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the US this year. Some will choose a smaller operation, a lumpectomy, but many will choose a larger surgery in their hope for a cure. And the percent of women choosing mastectomy is increasing. Although we're grateful for the treatments that can cure breast cancer, mastectomy can leave a woman and her body image profoundly changed. The Scope's Seven Domains of Women's Health team is in the office. I've Dr. Agarwal, a breast reconstructive surgeon at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, and we're going to talk about breast reconstructive surgery. So, Dr. Agarwal, tell us a little about your training. How is it different from a breast cancer surgeon, the person who did the mastectomy?

Dr. Agarwal: Well, I'm a plastic and reconstructive surgeon so my role is to try and rebuild. After a patient undergoes a mastectomy by the breast cancer surgeon, I work with the patient to try and then rebuild the breast. And this can be really any part of the body. As a reconstructive surgeon, our goal is to try and restore form and function for a patient.

Dr. Jones: Can you do the reconstruction at the time of the mastectomy, or are there advantages of doing it immediately versus delayed?

Dr. Agarwal: You can do the reconstruction at the time. We often, in fact, start the reconstructive process on the same time, in the same operative setting as the mastectomy surgery. Sometimes, it's a staged operation in which the first stage is started at the time of mastectomy and then the subsequent stages occur in the future. And sometimes, you can complete the entire reconstruction all in one setting.

There are advantages and disadvantages to doing it all at once. Some patients like the idea of just having one operation or, at least, having one operation where the majority of the surgery is done. Some patients like waking up from the operating room with the start of a creation of a breast, rather than waking up with a flat chest. The downsides are it does add surgery time and does add recovery time to the operation, but, in general, we're starting to see an increase in the number of patients that are having reconstruction that is initiated at the time of mastectomy.

Dr. Jones: Right. So women actually use to think of reconstruction as something that came to them six months or a year later when they felt like they were cured of their cancer and they were really ready to go on with the next step of their life. But now I think women are expecting to walk out knowing that they're going to feel a little bit more like themselves.

Dr. Agarwal: I think that's true. I think, in the past, reconstructive surgery was often considered something that was not part of the cancer care process of a patient. And today, reconstructive surgery and the role of a reconstructive surgeon are really integral into the entire comprehensive care of a cancer patient.

Dr. Jones: Right. So what's changed with our new tissues, new materials?

Dr. Agarwal: The types of surgeries we do and the technologies that we have have improved. We don't quite have the 3D printing of a breast down yet, although we may get there in the near future. But the quality, the implants, the implant material, and the ability to use tissues from different parts of the body has really improved dramatically over the past 15 years.

Dr. Jones: So we're using some of the woman's own tissues for some of the breast, and some implants, or combinations?

Dr. Agarwal: Both scenarios. So patients can have implants only, their tissue only, or a combination of implant and their own tissue. And that sort of depends on their body, their choices, and what may be the best option. And that often requires a discussion with their surgeon.

Dr. Jones: Well, honestly, Dr. Agarwal, as a woman, my personal fear about mastectomy, with or without reconstructive surgery, would be that I would be asymmetrical, that I'd have one normal breast and one plastic breast, and I just wouldn't be balanced. And I feel that breast had betrayed me already, and I wouldn't want to have breast cancer in the other breast. So I might ask you as if I were your patient to just do them both, so make them, when we're done, they can both look the same and be the same. Are you getting more requests? Does this sound crazy?

Dr. Agarwal: This isn't crazy. In fact, we're getting an increasing number of requests for bilateral mastectomy and reconstructions. And it's a very personal choice, it's not a choice that every woman makes, and it's not an easy choice. I think there are a lot of factors that go into it. Fear is, by far, the biggest factor. Patients exactly like you said, patients are worried that they might develop cancer in their other breast, or they're always going to be nervous and can't sleep at night and so they want to be free of that fear. And that's a real consideration when we consider doing a bilateral mastectomy.

I will say, though, just like any surgery, you have to be prepared that the more surgery you do, the more recovery, the more potential for a problem. So think carefully, talk to your surgeon, talk to your family before you make these decisions.

Dr. Jones: Fears of cancer and fears of disfigurement may lead women to avoid mammograms or seeking medical help if a lump is noticed. There are many more options for women as they face the challenges of breast cancer, and challenging, and living after a breast cancer treatment. Dr. Agarwal, thanks for helping us and think about our options, and thank you for joining us on The Scope.

updated: June 17, 2021
originally published: October 22, 2015